Uvular_trill

Voiced uvular trill

Voiced uvular trill

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʀ⟩ in IPA

"Uvular trill" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see Voiceless uvular trill.

The voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʀ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter r. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.

Quick Facts ʀ, IPA Number ...
Quick Facts ʀ̝ ...

Features

Features of the voiced uvular trill:

Occurrence

Distribution of guttural r (such as [ʁ ʀ χ]) in Europe in the mid-20th century.[2]
  not usual
  only in some educated speech
  usual in educated speech
  general

There are two main theories regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one theory, the uvular trill originated in Standard French around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of German, Danish, Portuguese, and some of those of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence.[3] In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] or a voiced uvular approximant [ʁ̞].

The other main theory is that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages by the weakening of the alveolar R, which was replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation).[4] Against the "French origin" theory, it is said that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in some German dialects long before the 17th century.[4]

Apart from modern Europe, uvular R also exists in Modern Hebrew.

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See also

Notes

  1. [1]
    Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 225.
  2. [2]
    Map based on Trudgill (1974:220)
  3. [3]
    Trudgill (1974:221), citing Moulton (1952), Ewert (1963), and Martinet (1969)
  4. [4]
    Bisiada (2009).
  5. [5]
    Donaldson (1993), p. 15.
  6. [6]
    Wheeler (2005), pp. 24.
  7. [7]
    Booij (1999), p. 8.
  8. [8]
    Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 42, 54, 77, 165, 199–200.
  9. [9]
    Goeman & van de Velde (2001), pp. 91–92, 94–97, 99–104.
  10. [10]
    Verstraten & van de Velde (2001), pp. 45–46, 51, 53–55, 58.
  11. [11]
    Verhoeven (2005), pp. 243 and 245.
  12. [12]
    Verstraten & van de Velde (2001), p. 52.
  13. [13]
    Collins & Mees (2003), p. 42.
  14. [14]
    Collins & Mees (2003), p. 209.
  15. [15]
    Verstraten & van de Velde (2001), p. 54.
  16. [16]
    Verstraten & van de Velde (2001), pp. 52 and 54.
  17. [17]
    Finn (2004), p. 976.
  18. [18]
    Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
  19. [19]
    Grevisse & Goosse (2008), pp. 22–36.
  20. [20]
    Hall (1993), p. 89.
  21. [21]
    Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
  22. [22]
    "Picture Dictionary: Japreria Animals". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
  23. [23]
    The guttural r is used in some other cities in the Low Saxon area as well.
  24. [24]
    Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel. Zwolle. Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen deel 14 (1982).
  25. [25]
    Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  26. [26]
    Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
  27. [27]
    Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
  28. [28]
    Acoustic analysis of vibrants in Brazilian Portuguese (in Portuguese)
  29. [29]
    Rood & Taylor (1996).
  30. [30]
    Lakota Language Consortium (2004). Lakota letters and sounds.
  31. [31]
    Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:225–226)
  32. [32]
    Kleine (2003:263)

References
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This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Uvular_trill, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.