Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VCAM1 gene.^[5] VCAM-1 functions as a cell adhesion molecule.

Quick Facts VCAM1, Available structures ...

VCAM1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1IJ9, 1VCA, 1VSC
Identifiers
Aliases	VCAM1, CD106, INCAM-100, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
External IDs	OMIM: 192225 MGI: 98926 HomoloGene: 838 GeneCards: VCAM1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human)[1] Band 1p21.2 Start 100,719,742 bp[1] End 100,739,045 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 3 (mouse)[2] Band 3 G1|3 50.17 cM Start 115,903,598 bp[2] End 115,923,337 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in spongy bone parietal pleura vena cava spleen glomerulus metanephric glomerulus synovial joint kidney tubule lymph node synovial membrane Top expressed in spleen dermis left lung lobe atrium thymus atrioventricular valve ankle joint femur body of femur iris More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function primary amine oxidase activity integrin binding cell adhesion molecule binding Cellular component integral component of membrane Golgi apparatus alpha9-beta1 integrin-vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 complex membrane filopodium plasma membrane apical part of cell microvillus cell surface early endosome endoplasmic reticulum podosome sarcolemma extracellular exosome external side of plasma membrane extracellular space integral component of plasma membrane Biological process leukocyte cell-cell adhesion response to ionizing radiation heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules response to hypoxia response to nutrient interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to tumor necrosis factor response to nicotine human ageing response to zinc ion extracellular matrix organization amine metabolic process response to lipopolysaccharide cell adhesion acute inflammatory response positive regulation of T cell proliferation membrane to membrane docking regulation of immune response leukocyte tethering or rolling cell chemotaxis B cell differentiation cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus cell-matrix adhesion viral process response to ethanol calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source chronic inflammatory response cell-cell adhesion cytokine-mediated signaling pathway heterotypic cell-cell adhesion innervation cardiac neuron differentiation cell-cell adhesion in response to extracellular stimulus cellular response to amyloid-beta Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 7412 22329 Ensembl ENSG00000162692 ENSMUSG00000027962 UniProt P19320 P29533 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_080682 NM_001078 NM_001199834 NM_011693 RefSeq (protein) NP_001069 NP_001186763 NP_542413 NP_035823 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 100.72 – 100.74 Mb Chr 3: 115.9 – 115.92 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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VCAM-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, the superfamily of proteins including antibodies and T-cell receptors. The VCAM-1 gene contains six or seven immunoglobulin domains, and is expressed on both large and small blood vessels only after the endothelial cells are stimulated by cytokines. It is alternatively spliced into two known RNA transcripts that encode different isoforms in humans.^[6] The gene product is a cell surface sialoglycoprotein, a type I membrane protein that is a member of the Ig superfamily.

The VCAM-1 protein mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils to vascular endothelium. It also functions in leukocyte-endothelial cell signal transduction, and it may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Upregulation of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells by cytokines occurs as a result of increased gene transcription (e.g., in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)) and through stabilization of messenger RNA (mRNA) (e.g., Interleukin-4 (IL-4)). The promoter region of the VCAM1 gene contains functional tandem NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) sites. The sustained expression of VCAM-1 lasts over 24 hours.

Primarily, the VCAM-1 protein is an endothelial ligand for VLA-4 (Very Late Antigen-4 or integrin α4β1) of the β1 subfamily of integrins. VCAM-1 expression has also been observed in other cell types (e.g., smooth muscle cells). It has also been shown to interact with EZR^[7] and Moesin.^[7]

VCAM-1 is also upregulated if vWF (Von Willebrand Factor) is given in knock-out (KO) ADMATS13 mice but not on mice without KO.^[8]

CD106 also exists on the surface of some subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).^[9]

Certain melanoma cells can use VCAM-1 to adhere to the endothelium,^[10] VCAM-1 may participate in monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic sites, and it is highly overexpressed in the inflamed brain.^[11] As a result, VCAM-1 is a potential drug target.