1413-1566

The Vilnius Voivodeship was created instead of the Vilnius Viceroyalty (Lithuanian: Vilniaus vietininkija) during the Pact of Horodło in 1413.^[1]

The core of the Vilnius Voivodeship was the Vilnius County, which was composed of the Vilnius Bailiwick (Lithuanian: Vilniaus tijūnija), which was composed of the manors of Vilnius, Nemenčinė, Švenčionys, Dysna and other places, in addition to almost all of Lithuania on both side of Neris.^[1] Also included was the Breslauja Viceroyalty (Lithuanian: Breslaujos vietininkija), Svir, the lands of the dukes Giedraičiai and the counties of the so-called Lithuanian Rus', which included Maladzyechna, Hajna [be], Minsk, Barysaw, Rechytsa, Svisloch [be], Propoysk‑Chachersk.^[1] In the Upper Dnieper, the Vilnius Voivodeship had half of the Horval [be], Liubushany [be] and Babruysk parishes, whose remaining part belonged to the Trakai Voivodeship.^[1] From Vitebsk's lands, the Vilnius Voivodeship received Mogilev, which belonged to the Grand Duchess of Lithuania, Knyazhytsi [be], Tyatseryn [be] and Aboltsi [be].^[1] Moreover, the Principalities of Alšėnai, Kletsk [be], Novogrudok [be], Slutsk, Trobos and Izyaslavl were part of the Vilnius Voivodeship.^[1] Novogrudok became a separate Voivodeship in 1507.^[1]

The Vilnius Voivodeship was the location of many large estates.^[1] These were centred on the following places and owned by those families: Goštautai owned Hieraniony, the Radziwiłłs had Nyasvizh and Dubingiai, Zaberezinskiai had Zaberezinas, while the Astikai had Vyžuonos.^[1]

1566-1795

In 1566, during the administrative and judicial reforms of 1564–66, Vilnius Voivodeship was divided into the counties of Vilnius [lt], Ashmyany [be], Braslaw [be], Lida [be] (assigned from Trakai Voivodeship), Vilkmergė [lt].^[1] Simultaneously, Vitebsk' lands, the Upper Dnieper, most of the Lithuanian Rus', the Principalities of Kletsk and Sluck were separated from the Vilnius Voivodeship.^[1]

19th century

After the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Vilnius Voivodeship was occupied by the Russian Empire.^[1] Most of the territory became the Vilna Governorate. In 1843, its northern part was assigned to Kovno Governorate.

20th century

After World War I, the lands of the former Vilnius Voivodeship were fought over by the Lithuanian Army, Central Lithuania with its Army, the Polish Army, and the Red Army. Following the annexation of Central Lithuania by Poland, during the Interwar, most of the former Voivodeship ended up under the Second Polish Republic while the rest was ruled by Lithuanians. According to the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty in 1920, most of the former voivodeship should have been part of Lithuania. After World War II, the occupying Soviet Union assigned most of the voivodeship's territory that was previously under Polish rule to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.