Voiced_alveolar_plosive

Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨d⟩ in IPA

The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Quick Facts d, IPA Number ...
Quick Facts d̪, IPA Number ...

There are only a few languages which distinguishes dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects being a few of them.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • There are three specific variants of [d]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

More information IPA, Description ...

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

More information Language, Word ...

Alveolar

More information Language, Word ...

Variable

More information Language, Word ...

See also

Notes

  1. [1]
    Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. [2]
    Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. [3]
    Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. [4]
    Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. [5]
    Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. [6]
    Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. [7]
    Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. [8]
    "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
  9. [9]
    Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. [10]
    Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. [11]
    Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. [12]
    Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. [13]
    Okada (1999), p. 117.
  14. [14]
    Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  15. [15]
    Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. [16]
    Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. [17]
    Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  18. [18]
    Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  19. [19]
    Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  20. [20]
    Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. [21]
    Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. [22]
    Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  23. [23]
    S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  24. [24]
    Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  25. [25]
    Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  26. [26]
    Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  27. [27]
    Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14.
  28. [28]
    Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  29. [29]
    Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  30. [30]
    Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  31. [31]
    Lass (2002), p. 120.
  32. [32]
    Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  33. [33]
    Wells (1982), p. 388.
  34. [34]
    Mangold (2005), p. 47.
  35. [35]
    Kristoffersen (2000:22)
  36. [36]
    Mahootian (2002:287–289)
  37. [37]
    Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
  38. [38]
    Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  39. [39]
    Riad (2014:46)

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