Voiced_dental_sibilant

Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant
Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant
z̟

Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
z̪

Voiced alveolar fricative
Voiced alveolar fricative
z
IPA Number	133
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	z
Unicode (hex)	U+007A
X-SAMPA	z
Braille

Voiced alveolar fricative

Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨z⟩ in IPA

The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is ⟨z⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter ⟨z⟩ is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively).
The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.

More information Dental, Denti-alveolar ...

More information IPA symbol, meaning ...

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Quick Facts ð̠, ð͇ ...

Quick Facts ɾ̞, ɹ̝̆ ...

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized [ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted [ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered [d]).

Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.^[52]

References

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		Dental	Denti- alveolar	Alveolar	Post-alveolar
		Dental	Denti- alveolar	Alveolar	Retracted	Retroflex	Palato- alveolar	Alveolo- palatal
Sibilant	plain	z̪	z̟	z͇	z̠	ʐ	ʒ	ʑ
Non-sibilant	plain	ð		ð͇		ɻ̝
Non-sibilant	tapped			ɾ̞

		IPA symbol	meaning
place of articulation	passive (mouth)	⟨z̪⟩	dental
		⟨z̟⟩	advanced (denti-alveolar)
		⟨z͇⟩	alveolar
		⟨z̠⟩	retracted (postalveolar)
	active (tongue)	⟨z̺⟩	apical
		⟨z̻⟩	laminal
		⟨ʐ⟩	retroflex
	secondary	⟨zʲ⟩	palatalized coronal
		⟨ʑ⟩	alveolo-palatal
		⟨ʒ⟩	palato-alveolar
		⟨zʷ⟩	labialized coronal
		⟨zˠ⟩	velarized coronal
		⟨zˤ⟩	pharyngealized coronal
voice-onset time		⟨zʱ⟩	breathy coronal

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	զարդ	[z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]^ⓘ	'decoration'
Azerbaijani^[3]		zoğ	[z̪ɔʁ]	'sprout'
Belarusian^[4]		база	[ˈbäz̪ä]	'base'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian^[5]		езеро	[ˈɛz̪ɛro]	'lake'	Contrasts with palatalized form.
Czech^[6]		zima	[ˈz̪ɪmä]	'winter'	See Czech phonology
English	Multicultural London^[7]	zoo	[z̪ʏˑy̯]	'zoo'	See English phonology
French^[8]^[9]		zèbre	[z̪ɛbʁ]	'zebra'	See French phonology
Hungarian^[10]		zálog	[ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ]	'pledge'	See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian^[11]		^{[example needed]}
Kazakh^[12]		заң/zañ	[z̪ɑŋ]	'law'
Kyrgyz^[13]		заң	[z̪ɑŋ]	'law'
Latvian^[14]		zars	[z̪ärs̪]	'branch'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian^[15]		зошто	[ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ]	'why'	See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese		daprendizaige	[d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)]	'learning'	Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish^[1]^[16]		zero	[ˈz̪ɛrɔ]^ⓘ	'zero'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese	Most speakers	Estados Unidos	[isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zᶶ(ˢ)]	'United States'	See Portuguese phonology
Romanian^[17]		zar	[z̪är]	'dice'	See Romanian phonology
Russian^[18]		заезжать / zaezžat'	[z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]^ⓘ	'to pick up'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[19]^[20]		зајам / zajam	[z̪ǎːjäm]	'loan'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		zima	[ˈz̪imä]	'winter'
Slovene^[21]		zima	[ˈz̪ìːmá]	'winter'
Turkish^[8]^[22]		göz	[ɟø̞̈z̪]	'eye'	See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian^[23]		зуб	[z̪ub]	'tooth'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian^[24]		koza	[ˈkɔz̪ä]	'goat'
Uzbek^[25]		zafar		'victory'
Vietnamese	Hanoi^[26]	da	[z̪äː]	'skin'	See Vietnamese phonology

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		зы	[ˈzə]^ⓘ	'one'
Albanian		zjarr	[zjar]	'fire'
Arabic	Standard^[27]	زائِر	[ˈzaːʔir]	'visitor'	See Arabic phonology
Assamese		জলকীয়া	[zɔlɔkija]	'chili'
Assyrian		ܙܢ̱ܓܐ zìga	[ziɡa]	'bell'
Bengali		নামাজ	[namaz]	'Salah'	Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by [dʒ]. See Bengali phonology
Breton		iliz	[iliz]	'church'
Chechen		зурма / zurma	[zuɾma]	'music'
Dutch^[28]^[29]		zaad	[z̻aːt̻]	'seed'	Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.^[28]^[29] See Dutch phonology
Emilian	Bolognese	raṡån	[raːz̺ʌŋ]	'reason'	Palatalized apical; may be [ʐ] or [ʒ] instead.
English		zoo	[zuː]^ⓘ	'zoo'	Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto		kuzo	[ˈkuzo]	'cousin'	See Esperanto phonology
Georgian^[30]		ზარი	[ˈzɑɾi]	'bell'
Greek	Athens dialect^[31]	ζάλη / záli	[ˈz̻ali]	'dizziness'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		זאב	[zeˈʔev]	'wolf'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	ज़मीन	[zəmiːn]	'land'	May be replaced in Hindi by [dʒ]. See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	زمین	[zəmiːn]	'land'	May be replaced in Hindi by [dʒ]. See Hindustani phonology
Japanese^[32]		全部 / zenbu	[zembɯ]	'everything'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		зы	[ˈzə]^ⓘ	'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya		zilamiz	[zilʌmiz]	'go'
Kashmiri		ज़ानुन / زانُن	[zaːnun]	'to know'
Khmer		បែលហ្ស៊ិក / bêlhsĭk	[ɓaelzɨk]	noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)' adjective: 'Belgian'	See Khmer phonology
Konda^[33]^[34]		sunz	[sunz]	'to sleep'
Malay		beza	[bezə]	'difference'
Maltese		żelu	[zelu]	'zeal'
Marathi		जर	[zər]	'if'	See Marathi phonology.
Occitan	Limousin	jòune	[ˈzɒwne]	'young'	See Occitan phonology
Persian		روز	[ɾuːz]	'day'
Portuguese^[35]		casa	[ˈkazɐ]	'house'	See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਹਜ਼ਾਰ	[həˈzaːr]	'thousand'	May be replaced by [dʒ] in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	ہزار	[həˈzaːr]	'thousand'	May be replaced by [dʒ] in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
Spanish	Andalusian	comunismo	[ko̞muˈnizmo̞]	'Communism'	Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to [h ~ ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental [z̪].
	Latin American
	Filipino
Swahili		lazima	[lɑzimɑ]	'must'
Tamil	Jaffna Tamil	கடுதாசி	[kɐɖuðaːzi]	'letter'	Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.^[36]
West Frisian^[37]		sizze	[ˈsɪzə]	'to say'	It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi		ꍂ / ssy	[zɹ̩˧]	'generation'
Yiddish		זון / zien	[zin]	'son'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[38]	guanaz	[ɡʷanaz]	'went to grab'

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan^[39]^[40]		zel	[ˈz̺ɛɫ]	'zeal'	Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician		mesmo	[ˈme̞z̺mo̞]	'same'	Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪].
Greek^[41]		μάζα / máza	[ˈmɐz̠ɐ]	'mass'	See Modern Greek phonology
Italian	Central Italy^[42]	caso	[ˈkäːz̠o]	'case'	Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,^[42] most of Umbria^[42] (save Perugia and the extreme south)^[42] and Le Marche south of the Potenza.^[42]
	Northern Italy^[43]^[44]				Apical.^[45] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.^[46]^[47] See Italian phonology
	Sicily^[42]				Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.^[42]
Low German^[48]		^{[example needed]}
Maldivian		zaraafaa	[z̺aˈraːfaː]	'giraffe'
Mirandese		eisistir	[e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ]	'to exist'	Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: ⟨ch⟩ /tʃ/, ⟨x⟩ /ʃ/, ⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩ /ʒ/, ⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩ /s̪/, ⟨z⟩ /z̪/, ⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩- /s̺/, -⟨s⟩- /z̺/
Occitan	Gascon	casèrna	[kaz̺ɛrno]	'barracks'	See Occitan phonology
Occitan	Languedocien	véser	[bez̺e]	'to see'	See Occitan phonology
Piedmontese		amis	[aˈmiz̠]	'friend'	Apical. See Piemontese phonology
Portuguese	Coastal Northern European	^{[example needed]}			Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Portuguese	Inland Northern European	^{[example needed]}			Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Spanish	Andean	mismo	[ˈmiz̺mo̞]	'same'	Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. See Spanish phonology
	Castilian
	Paisa Region

Voiced_dental_sibilant

Voiced alveolar fricative

Voiced alveolar sibilant

Features

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Non-retracted alveolar

Retracted alveolar

Variable

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Features

Occurrence

Voiced lateral-median fricative

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links

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Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant
z̠
zᶾ
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	`z̺`
Unicode (hex)	U+007A U+033A

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
German	Standard^[49]	sauber	[ˈzäʊ̯bɐ]	'clean'	Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.^[49] See Standard German phonology
Italian	Standard^[50]	caso	[ˈkäːzo]	'case'	Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.^[50] See Italian phonology
Italian	Ticino^[45]	caso	[ˈkäːzo]	'case'	Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.^[51] Both variants may be labiodentalized.^[45] See Italian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
ð̠
ð͇
ɹ̝
d̞
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	`ð̠`
Unicode (hex)	U+00F0 U+0320

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aragonese	Chistabino^[53]	aire	[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]	'air'	Tapped; common realization of /ɾ/.^[53]
Czech^[54]		čtyři	[ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ]	'four'	May be a fricative trill^[54] or a tap fricative instead.^[55] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology
Dahalo^[56]		[káð̠i]		'work'	Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be an approximant [ð̠˕] or simply a plosive [d] instead.^[57]
Dutch^[58]		voor	[vöːɹ̝]	'for'	One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian	Bolognese	chèṡ	[ˈkɛːð̠]	'case'	Laminal
English	Scouse^[59]	maid	[meɪð̠]	'maid'	Allophone of /d/. See English phonology
English	South African^[60]^[61]	round	[ɹ̝æʊ̯nd]	'round'	Apical,^[61] present in some urban dialects.^[60] See South African English phonology
Icelandic^[62]^[63]		bróðir	[ˈprou̯ð̠ir]	'brother'	Usually apical,^[62]^[63] may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
Italian	Sicily^[64]	terra	[ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä]	'earth'	Apical; corresponds to /rr/ in standard Italian.^[64] See Italian phonology
Manx		mooar	[muːɹ̝]	'big'	Common word-final realization of /r/.
Spanish^[65]	Aragonese	aire	[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]	'air'	Tapped; possible realization of /ɾ/.^[65] See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central Standard^[66]^[67]	vandrare	[²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ]	'wanderer'	Allophone of /r/ around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology
Tacana^[68]		^{[example needed]}			Tapped.^[68]
Turkish^[69]		rüya	[ˈɾ̞yːjɑ]	'dream'	Tapped; word-initial allophone of /ɾ/.^[69] See Turkish phonology

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic^[70]^[71]^[72]	Rijal Almaʽa	ضبع	[ðˡˤabʕ]	'hyena'
Mehri^[73]		ذوفر	[ðˡˤoːfar]	'plait'

Voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative
ʫ
ð̠ˡ
ɮ͡ð̠
ɮ͡z

Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative
ʫ̪
ðˡ
ɮ̪͡ð