Voiced_velar_fricative

Voiced velar fricative

Voiced velar fricative

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɣ⟩ in IPA

"ɣ (IPA)" redirects here. For consonants followed by superscript ˠ, see Velarization. For the Greek letter gamma, see Gamma.

The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings[2] use for the voiced velar fricative.

Quick Facts ɣ, IPA Number ...

The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ].

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

A voiced velar tapped fricative has been reported in Dàgáárè, which is a previously unattested sound in human language.

Features

Features of the voiced velar fricative:

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.

More information Language, Word ...

See also

Notes

  1. [1]
    Baker, Peter Stuar (2012). Introduction to Old English (3rd ed.). pp. 15. ISBN 9781444354195. OCLC 778433078 – via Internet Archive. Between voiced sounds dotless g is pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.
  2. [2]
    Such as Booij (1999) and Nowikow (2012).
  3. [3]
    Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
  4. [4]
    Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
  5. [5]
    Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
  6. [6]
    Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
  7. [7]
    Angsongna, Alexander; Akinbo, Samuel (2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 52 (2): 341–367. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000225. S2CID 243402135.
  8. [8]
    Verhoeven (2005:243)
  9. [9]
    Collins & Mees (2003:191)
  10. [10]
    Watson, Kevin (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
  11. [11]
    Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
  12. [12]
    Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  13. [13]
    Krech et al. (2009:108)
  14. [14]
    Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.[failed verification]
  15. [15]
    Kachru (2006), p. 20.
  16. [16]
    Pop (1938), p. 30.
  17. [17]
    Okada (1999), p. 118.
  18. [18]
    Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-22), Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110550283, hdl:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48, ISBN 978-3-11-055028-3, retrieved 2023-12-17
  19. [19]
    Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  20. [20]
    Peters (2006:119)
  21. [21]
    R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960
  22. [22]
    Volpi, Luigi (2011). La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera (in Italian). Potenza (Italy): EditricErmes. p. 92.[ISBN missing]
  23. [23]
    Vanvik (1979), p. 40.
  24. [24]
    Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
  25. [25]
    Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
  26. [26]
    Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
  27. [27]
    Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
  28. [28]
    Landau et al. (1999:67)
  29. [29]
    Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
  30. [30]
    "685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)". 1893.
  31. [31]
    Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
  32. [32]
    Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

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  • Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780203168004
  • Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
  • Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992], Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
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  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
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  • Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
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