Voiceless_alveolar_affricate

Voiceless alveolar affricate

Voiceless alveolar affricate

Class of consonantal sounds

A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

This article discusses the first two.

Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate

"Voiceless dental affricate" redirects here. For the non-sibilant affricate, see Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate.
Quick Facts ts, IPA Number ...

The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩ (formerly with ⟨ʦ⟩ or ⟨ƾ⟩). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in many Indo-European languages, such as German (which was also part of the High German consonant shift), Kashmiri, Marathi, Pashto, Russian and most other Slavic languages such as Polish and Serbo-Croatian; also, among many others, in Georgian, in Mongolia, and Tibetan Sanskrit, in Japanese, in Mandarin Chinese, and in Cantonese. Some international auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
  • There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [s] is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʃ] or laminal [ʂ].
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Variable

More information Language, Word ...

Dentalized laminal alveolar

More information Language, Word ...

Non-retracted alveolar

More information Language, Word ...

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate

Quick Facts tɹ̝̊, tθ̠ ...

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

See also

Notes

  1. [1]
    Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. [2]
    Mangold (2005), pp. 50 and 52.
  3. [3]
    Canepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
  4. [4]
    Kozintseva (1995), p. 6.
  5. [5]
    Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010:1). Although this paper discusses mainly the Goizueta dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
  6. [6]
    Padluzhny (1989), pp. 48–49.
  7. [7]
    Chew (2003), p. 67.
  8. [8]
    Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 109–110.
  9. [9]
    Lin (2001), pp. 17–25.
  10. [10]
    Palková (1994), pp. 234–235.
  11. [11]
    Szende (1999), p. 104.
  12. [12]
    Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  13. [13]
    Kara (2002), p. 10.
  14. [14]
    Kara (2003), p. 11.
  15. [15]
    Nau (1998), p. 6.
  16. [16]
    Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  17. [17]
    Rocławski (1976), pp. 160.
  18. [18]
    Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  19. [19]
    Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  20. [20]
    Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. [21]
    Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. [22]
    S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  23. [23]
    Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38).
  24. [24]
    Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
  25. [25]
    Lewis, Jr. (2013), p. 5.
  26. [26]
    "Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana" (PDF) (in Asturian). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-23.
  27. [27]
    Recasens & Espinosa (2007), p. 144.
  28. [28]
    Jacobson (1995), p. 2.
  29. [29]
    Chung (2020), p. 645.
  30. [30]
    Uchihara, Hiroto (2016). Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873944-9.
  31. [31]
    Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
  32. [32]
    Peters (2010), p. 240.
  33. [33]
    Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
  34. [34]
    Wells (1982), p. 323.
  35. [35]
    Cruttenden (2014), p. 172.
  36. [36]
    Wells (1982), p. 515.
  37. [37]
    Bauer et al. (2007), p. 100.
  38. [38]
    Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108–109.
  39. [39]
    Connolly, John H. (1990). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters Ltd.; Channel View Publications. pp. 121–129. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
  40. [40]
    Wells (1982), p. 372.
  41. [41]
    Collins & Mees (2013), p. 194.
  42. [42]
    Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  43. [43]
    ERIC - ED162532 - Haida Dictionary., 1977. SPHLL, c/o Mrs. 1977.
  44. [44]
    Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  45. [45]
    Alice Telles de Paula. "Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS" (PDF) (in Portuguese). p. 14.
  46. [46]
    Camila Tavares Leite. "Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
  47. [47]
    Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis. "Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
  48. [48]
    Aline Aver Vanin. "A influência da percepção inferencial na formação de vogal epentética em estrangeirismos" (in Portuguese).
  49. [49]
    Klaus Kohler. "Castilian Spanish – Madrid".
  50. [50]
    Zvelebil, Kamil (1965). Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138. JSTOR 24650188.
  51. [51]
    Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  52. [52]
    Canepari (1992), p. 64.
  53. [53]
    Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.

References
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Voiceless_alveolar_affricate, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.