Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate

Voiceless postalveolar affricate

Voiceless postalveolar affricate

Consonantal sound

The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ ⟩ ⟨tʃ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ ⟩), or, in broad transcription, ⟨c⟩. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

Quick Facts tʃ, t̠ʃ ...

Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).

Features

Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.

There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):

  • U+107AE 𐞮 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPH is an IPA superscript letter[16]
  • U+1DF17 𝼗 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK is used in phonetic transcription[17][18]
  • U+1DF1C 𝼜 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish[19]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Quick Facts t̠ɹ̠̊˔, tɹ̝̊˗ ...

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

Notes

  1. [1]
    Watson (2002:17)
  2. [2]
    Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. [3]
    "Tjongejonge". 2 April 2019.
  4. [4]
    Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  5. [5]
    Mangold (2005:51–52)
  6. [6]
    Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  7. [7]
    Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  8. [8]
    Ladefoged (2005:158)
  9. [9]
    Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  10. [10]
    Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
  11. [11]
    Blevins (1994:492)
  12. [12]
    Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  13. [13]
    Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  14. [14]
    Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  15. [15]
    Merrill (2008:108)
  16. [16]
    Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
  17. [17]
    Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
  18. [18]
    Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
  19. [19]
    Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03). "L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook" (PDF).
  20. [20]
    Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
  21. [21]
    Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  22. [22]
    Wells (2008).

References
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.