William_Des_Voeux
William Des Vœux
British colonial governor
Sir George William Des Vœux GCMG (22 September 1834 – 15 December 1909) was a British colonial administrator who served as governor of Fiji (1880–1885), Newfoundland (1886–1887), and Hong Kong (1887–1891).[1]
Des Vœux was born as the eighth of nine children of Reverend Henry Des Vœux (1786–1857) and his second wife Fanny Elizabeth Hutton in Baden-Baden, Germany, on 22 September 1834. His grandfather was Irish politician Sir Charles des Voeux, 1st Baronet.[2] His great-grandfather was a Huguenot from Normandy, France, who settled in Ireland in the early 18th century.[3]
Des Vœux attended a public school in London before starting his studies at Charterhouse School (1845–1853) and Balliol College, Oxford (1854–1856), but left without a degree after his father gave him the choice of finishing his degree and becoming a clergyman or seeking his fortune in the colonies.[4] Des Vœux then moved to Canada, where he finished his BA at the University of Toronto and became a barrister in Upper Canada in 1861.
Des Vœux became stipendiary magistrate and superintendent of rivers and creeks[5] in British Guiana from 1863 to 1869, where he championed native causes. First stipendiary magistrate in the East Bank Demerara district, he was later transferred to the Upper Demerara-Berbice region, he argued that this transfer was to limit his influence and power on decisions being made in the main city of the colony Georgetown.[6] He was one of the leading figures (with Joseph Beaumont and James Crosby) against the system of Indian indenture system. Based on his experience in Guiana where he witnessed many instances of cruel and unjust treatment of indentured servants by plantation owners and managers, des Vœux wrote a 10,000-word report in 1869 to Lord Granville, the Secretary of State for the Colonies in which he detailed many abuses. When the contents of the report were published, there was a great outcry and the Commission of Inquiry into the Treatment of Immigrants was conducted. Des Vœux gave testimony before the commission in Georgetown and its report led to many improvements in the workers' treatment.[7]
He reorganised and codified old French system of law when he was the Administrator and Colonial Secretary of St. Lucia between 1869 and 1880. Afterwards, Des Vœux was appointed Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific from 1880 to 1885. He was appointed Governor of Newfoundland from 1886 to 1887.[8]
Des Vœux served as the tenth Governor of Hong Kong from 1887 to 1891. This was the last post he held in the Colonial Services. During his tenure the Peak Tram began operation in 1888, providing relatively affordable transportation for people living on The Peak. Des Vœux segregated the Peak together with effectively all the elevated areas of Hong Kong Island from crowded Chinese-style tenements by enacting the European District Reservation Ordinance in November of that year. A year before he left office, the newly established Hong Kong Electric Company began providing electricity to Hong Kong Island.
After Des Vœux's time as Governor of Hong Kong ended, he entered retirement. He was created a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1893. In 1903, he published his memoirs called My Colonial Service in British Guiana, St. Lucia, Trinidad, Fiji, Australia, Newfoundland, and Hong Kong with Interludes.
On 24 July 1875, Des Vœux married Marion Denison Pender (1856–1955), daughter of submarine telegraphy pioneer John Pender. They had two daughters and five sons, three of whom died in infancy. Des Vœux died in Brighton, England, on 15 December 1909.[2] William Des Vœux's son Henry John (1876-1940), married Dorothy Turner-Farley in 1911. Their son, Lt-Colonel Sir Richard, the eighth and last Des Vœux baronet, was killed in action at Arnhem in September 1944.
- Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong
- Des Voeux Peak, second highest peak on Taveuni Island, Fiji
- Mennell, Philip (1892). "Des Vœux, Sir George William" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.
- im Thurn, E. F.; Milne, Lynn, rev. "Des Vœux, Sir (George) William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32795. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- Des Voeux, George William (1903). My Colonial Service in British Guiana, St. Lucia, Trinidad, Fiji, Australia, Newfoundland, and Hong Kong with Interludes. Volume 1. London: John Murray. p. 1.
- "Des Vœux, Sir George William". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- Shiona M Airlie, Dictionary of Hong Kong Biography, 2012, p. 123
- William G. Des Voeux, My colonial service in British Guiana, St. Lucia, Trinidad, Fiji, Australia, Newfoundland, and Hong Kong, with interludes, (London: J. Murray, 1903), 125.
- Thurn, Everard im (1912). "Des Vœux, William" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- "Des Voeux, Sir George William (1834-1909)". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- Stephanie Williams, Running the Show: The Extraordinary Stories of the Men who Governed the British Empire, Viking 2011, ISBN 978-0670918041.
Media related to George William Des Vœux at Wikimedia Commons
Works related to William Des Vœux at Wikisource- Des Voeux, George William (1903). My Colonial Service in British Guiana, St. Lucia, Trinidad, Fiji, Australia, Newfoundland, and Hong Kong with Interludes. Vol. 1 / Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by James Mayer Grant |
Administrator of Saint Lucia 1869–1878 |
Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Governor of Fiji 1880–1885 |
Succeeded by |
| High Commissioner for the Western Pacific 1880–1885 | ||
| Preceded by | Governor of Newfoundland 1886–1887 |
Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Major-General William Cameron as Acting Administrator |
Governor of Hong Kong 1887–1891 |
Succeeded by Major-General Digby Barker as Acting Administrator |