Yom_language
Yom language
Gur language spoken in Benin
Yom, or Pilapila, and formerly Kiliŋa or Kilir, is a Gur language of Benin. It is spoken in the town of Djougou and the surrounding area by the Yoa-Lokpa people. A very closely related dialect called taŋgələm is also spoken by the Taneka people.
| Yom | |
|---|---|
| Pila | |
| Native to | Benin |
| Region | Atakora, Borgou[1] |
| Ethnicity | 70,000 Temba people, 230,000 Yoba people, Yoa-Lokpa people[1] |
| speakers | L1: 240,000 (2021)[1] L1: 150,000 (2021)[1] No monolinguals speakers[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pil |
| Glottolog | yomm1242 |
Where it differs from the IPA symbol, the conventional orthography is given below the phoneme.
Vowels
In Yom orthography, long vowels are written as double vowels, e.g. ⟨ɛɛ⟩ for /ɛː/.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Labial-velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p b | t d | k ɡ | k͡p ɡ͡b | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ |
ŋ | ŋ͡m | |||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ⟨c⟩ ⟨j⟩ |
|||||||
| Fricative | f v | s z | ʁ ⟨q⟩ |
|||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
| Approximant | j ⟨y⟩ |
w |
^1 Generally, /l/ is realised by [ɾ] in medial and final position. For some speakers, the two allophones are in free variation.
Previously ⟨ʋ⟩ was used instead of ⟨ʊ⟩.[2][page needed]
Genders
Nouns are divided into genders or noun classes which can be distinguished by the pronoun used to refer to them and by their suffix, which generally bears some resemblance to the pronoun. If the noun is modified by adjectives, then the suffix appears on the adjectives and not on the noun. The table gives the singular and plural forms of the pronouns used to refer to a noun of each gender. There are also some nouns which have the pronoun də or bə without having a plural form.
| Gender | Includes |
|---|---|
| mə | Mass nouns, liquids and languages |
| a / ba | Most nouns referring to people, kinship terms, personal names, some abstract nouns and borrowings |
| ka / sə | Various nouns, diminutives |
| kʊ / i | Various nouns, augmentatives, territories |
| ŋʊ / i | Long and slender objects |
| bə / i | A small class of semantically diverse nouns |
| də / a | Body parts, material culture, some animals and foods |
| kʊ / də | Tree and plant terms |
| də / ba | A small class of marginal cultural items |
| nə | Only two nouns: dɛn (today) and nən (location) |
Word order
Yom is predominantly an SVO language, although SOV word order is also possible. Genitives precede nouns and relative clauses follow. Adjectives, numerals and demonstratives follow the noun in that order and agree with it in number and gender. Many different constituents can preposed to the beginning of the sentence using a focus construction - for example:
- ma ji ma maŋgoŋʊ, "I am eating my mango"
- ma maŋgoŋʊ ra ma ji ra, "It's my mango that I'm eating"
- Yom at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
Bibliography
- Beacham, Charles Gordon (1968). The Phonology and Morphology of Yom (Ph.D dissertation). Hartford Seminary Foundation.
- Centre national de linguistique appliquée (CENALA) (1990), Alphabet des langues nationales (2 ed.), Cotonou: CENALA