The Ülüş system was the administrative system of the historical Turkic and Mongolic states. The noun Üleş in Turkish means "share" and the verb "üleş-mek" means to share.^[1][2]

According to historian Halil İnalcık, the sovereignty didn't belong solely to the khagan (emperor), but to the members of the khagan's family.^[3] Thus the khagan allocated each member of the family a share of the country. This share was called ülüş. According to Kürşat Kocak however, the ülüş practice included also high level state officials. ^[4] This resembles the fief system in Medieval Europe. It is stressed by Lev Gumilyov that it was not a European type feudalism.^[5] According to Lev Gümiloy the system was developed by the Southern Xiongnu during the second century AD.^[5] It was used by the First Turkic Khaganate, Uyghur Khaganate, Mongol Empire and other political powers of Central Asia.

In the First Turkic Khaganate (551-581) during the reign of Taspar Qaghan in 576, there were 8 üleşes (see Göktürk family tree).^[5]

1.Taspar: in the Altai Mountain area

2.She tu (Taspar’s nephew; later renemed Ishbara as the khagan): east part of the khaganette

3. Böri (Taspar's nephew): west part of the Eastern territory

4.Töremen (Taspar's nephew, later renemed Apa as the khagan): north territories

5.Kara Çürün (Taspar's cousin later renamed Tardu as the khagan of the Western Territory): in Yedisu area

6.Tamgan (Taspar's cousin): in Volga River area

7.Amrak (Taspar's son): (unidentified)

8. Tegin shad (Taspar’s son): unidentified