Brahmi Ḍa

The Brahmi letter , Ḍa, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta.^[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ḍa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.^[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

More information Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE), Girnar (~150 BCE) ...

Brahmi Ḍa historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

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Tocharian Ḍa

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

More information Ḍā, Ḍi ...

Tocharian Ḍa with vowel marks

Ḍa	Ḍā	Ḍi	Ḍī	Ḍu	Ḍū	Ḍr	Ḍr̄	Ḍe	Ḍai	Ḍo	Ḍau	Ḍä

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Kharoṣṭhī Ḍa

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Ḍa.^[2]

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, ड is pronounced as [ɖə] or [ɖ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Conjuncts with ड

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ḍa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.^[4]

ড in Bengali-using languages

ড is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ড

Bengali ড exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.^[5]

• ড্ (ḍ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:

• ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ড্ (ḍ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ḍva, with the va phala suffix:

• ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ḍya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ল্ (l) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature lḍa:

• ন্ (n) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature nḍa:

• ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ণ্ (ṇ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

• ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇḍya, with the ya phala suffix:

• র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa, with the repha prefix:

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ડ is pronounced as [ɖə] or [ɖ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Conjuncts with ડ

Gujarati ડ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ḍa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ḍa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature RḌa:

• ડ્ (ɖ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌRa:

• ડ્ (ɖ) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature ḌḌa:

• ડ્ (ɖ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌNa:

• ડ્ (ɖ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ḌVa:

Conjuncts of ഡ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ഡ് (ḍ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:

• ണ് (ṇ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

• ഡ് (ḍ) + ഢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍḍʱa:

Conjuncts of ଡ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

Conjuncts of 𑂙

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂙 (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

Kaithi Ṛa

Ṛa (𑂚) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida derived from 𑂙 Ḍa. Ṛa acts