Agent_Orange_Act_of_1991
Agent Orange Act of 1991 establishes provisions for the National Academy of Sciences to analyze and summarize scientific evidence regarding presumptive military service exposure to defoliants, dioxins, and herbicides, better known as Agent Orange, during the Vietnam War era. The United States Statute endorses an observation of human medical conditions directly related to non-Hodgkin lymphoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, chloracne, and consistent acneform diseases for military personnel who served in the overseas Vietnamese region. The Act of Congress ratifies a medical research compilation of voluntarily contributed blood and tissue samples provided by Vietnam-era veterans serving in Southeast Asia between 1961 and 1975.
| Long title | An Act to provide for the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to obtain independent scientific review of the available scientific evidence regarding associations between diseases and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides, and for other purposes. |
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| Acronyms (colloquial) | AOA |
| Nicknames | Agent Orange bill |
| Enacted by | the 102nd United States Congress |
| Effective | February 6, 1991 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 102-4 |
| Statutes at Large | 105 Stat. 11 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 38 U.S.C.: Veterans' Benefits |
| U.S.C. sections created | 38 U.S.C. § 1116 |
| U.S.C. sections amended | |
| Legislative history | |
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The H.R. 556 legislation was passed by the 102nd United States Congressional session and enacted into law by the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush on February 6, 1991.[1][2]
On March 20, 1979, President Jimmy Carter issued Proclamation 4647 acknowledging the Memorial Day week of May 28 through June 3, 1979 as Vietnam Veterans Week, 1979.[3][4]
Agent Orange Study of 1979
On December 6, 1979, the 96th United States Congress passed H.R. 3892, better known as Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979.[5] The Title 38 amendment, better known as Title III: Veterans' Administration Medical Personnel Amendments and Miscellaneous Provisions, was enacted into law by the 39th President of the United States Jimmy Carter on December 20, 1979. House Bill 3892 endorsed the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to conduct an epidemiological study concerning human exposure and the adverse health effects of dioxins and phenoxy herbicides.[6] The persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances protocol was subject to approval by the Office of Technology Assessment as stated in the provisions of the H.R. 3892 legislation.[7]
The 96th United States Senate passed bill S. 2096 sanctioning the Agent Orange study to be conducted by the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.[8] On January 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter vetoed the Senate bill due to the repetitive purpose of the Section 307a1 provisions as stated in House bill 3892.[9]
Chemistry of Defoliants and Herbicides
| 2,4-D | Naphthenic acid |
| 2,4,5-T | Palmitic acid |
| Cacodylic acid | PCDD |
| Dioxin | Picloram |
| Diquat | TCDD |
- Bush, George H.W. (February 6, 1991). "Statement on Signing the Agent Orange Act of 1991 - February 6, 1991". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 114–115.
- Bush, George H.W. (February 6, 1991). "Remarks on Signing the Veterans' Compensation Amendments of 1991 and the Agent Orange Act of 1991 - February 6, 1991". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 112–113.
- "Jimmy Carter, Proclamation 4647 - Vietnam Veterans Week, 1979". The American Presidency Project ~ John Woolley and Gerhard Peters. University of California - Santa Barbara. March 20, 1979.
- Carter, Jimmy E. (May 30, 1979). "Vietnam Veterans Week, 1979". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 972–975.
- "Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979 - P.L. 96-151" (PDF). 93 Stat. 1092 ~ House Bill 3892. U.S. Government Publishing Office. December 20, 1979.
- "H.R. 3892 ~ Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979". P.L. 96-151 ~ 93 Stat. 1092. Congress.gov. May 2, 1979.
- Hansen, John C. (January 1, 1981). "The Vietnam Veteran vs. Agent Orange: The War That Lingers" (PDF). U.S. GAO. U.S. Government Accountability Office. p. 32.
- "S. 2096 ~ Agent Orange Study of 1979". Congress.gov. December 20, 1979.
- Carter, Jimmy E. (January 2, 1980). "Veto of Legislation Requiring a Study of Health Effects of Dioxin Exposure: Message to the Senate Returning S. 2096 Without Approval - January 2, 1980". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 4–5.
U.S. Congressional amendments to Title 38 regarding veterans' military benefits as related to the adverse effects of Agent Orange and exposure to dioxins.
U.S. Statutes Related to Veterans' Military Benefits | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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- "Veterans: Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ CED-78-158. U.S. Government Accountability Office. August 16, 1978.
- "Veterans: Agent Orange" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ 111614. U.S. Government Accountability Office. February 21, 1980.
- "VA'S Agent Orange Examination Program: Actions Needed To More Effectively Address Veterans' Health Concerns" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ HRD-83-6. U.S. Government Accountability Office. October 25, 1982.
- "H.R. 1961 - Agent Orange Relief Act". Office of History, Art, & Archives. Washington, D.C.: United States House of Representatives. March 8, 1983.
- "Serum Dioxin in Vietnam-Era Veterans -- Preliminary Report". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. July 24, 1987.
- Bush, George H.W. (May 13, 1991). "Statement on Chemical Weapons - May 13, 1991". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 503.
- "Agent Orange: Persisting Problems With Communication of Ranch Hand Study Data and Results" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ T-NSIAD-00-117. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 15, 2000.
- "Agent Orange: Actions Needed to Improve Accuracy and Communication of Information on Testing and Storage Locations" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ 19-24. U.S. Government Accountability Office. November 15, 2018.
- H.R. 2634 - Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2011 at Congress.gov
- H.R. 326 - Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2019 at Congress.gov
- "On the Agent Orange Trail". New York Times. July 5, 1979.
- "Traces of a Toxic Chemical Found in Vietnam Veterans". New York Times. December 13, 1979.
- "AGENT ORANGE STUDY WON'T BE COMPLETED UNTIL '89, V.A. SAYS". New York Times. September 1, 1982.
- Severo, Richard (September 16, 1982). "V.A. ASSAILED ON DELAYING AGENT ORANGE STUDY". New York Times.
- Lyons, Richard D. (September 25, 1984). "U.S. EMBARKS ON $100 MILLION STUDY OF AGENT ORANGE". New York Times.
- Peterson, Iver (May 19, 1986). "STUDY OF EFFECTS OF AGENT ORANGE ON VETERANS IS STALLED IN DISPUTE". New York Times.
- Schneider, Keith (August 10, 1990). "Agent Orange Study Was Obstructed, Panel Says". New York Times.
- Clymer, Adam (January 31, 1991). "Bill Passed to Aid Veterans Affected by Agent Orange". New York Times.
- Haberman, Clyde (May 11, 2014). "Agent Orange's Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans". New York Times.
Publications regarding Agent Orange Exposure |
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- Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (July 11, 1989). Agent Orange Studies. Internet Archive (Television production). Washington, D.C.: Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN).
- Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (June 26, 1990). Agent Orange Study. Internet Archive (Television production). Washington, D.C.: Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN).
- Mitchell, Jon (May 15, 2012). Defoliated Island Agent Orange, Okinawa And The Vietnam War (Television production). Internet Archive. Okinawa Island, Japan: Ryukyu Asahi Broadcasting. 47:59 minutes in.
{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - Wright, Gerry (June 28, 2019). Agent Orange Documentary (Television production). Internet Archive. Andover, Connecticut: Community Voice Channel. 39:49 minutes in.
{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - The Dark Shadow of Agent Orange on YouTube
- "Agent Orange". VVMF.org. Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund.
- "Public Health - Agent Orange". Military Exposures ~ Agent Orange. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
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