Bantawa_language
Bantawa language
Kiranti language spoken in Nepal
The Bantawa Language (also referred to as An Yüng, Bantaba, Bantawa Dum, Bantawa Yong, Bantawa Yüng, Bontawa, Kirawa Yüng), is a Kiranti language spoken in the eastern Himalayan hills of eastern Nepal by Kirati Bantawa ethnic groups. They use a syllabic alphabet system known as Kirat Rai. Among the Khambu or Rai people of Eastern Nepal, Sikkim, Darjeeling and Kalimpong in India, Bantawa is the largest language spoken.[3] According to the 2001 National Census, at least 1.63% of the Nepal's total population speaks Bantawa. About 370,000 speak Bantawa Language mostly in eastern hilly regions of Nepal (2001). Although Bantawa is among the more widely used variety of the Bantawa language, it falls in the below-100,000 category of endangered languages.[4] It is experiencing language shift to Nepali, especially in the northern region.[5]
| Bantawa | |
|---|---|
| बान्तावा | |
The word "Bantawa" written in Devanagari script | |
| Region | Nepal, and Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kalimpong in India |
| Ethnicity | Bantawa Kirawa (natively) |
Native speakers | 170,000 (2001 & 2011 censuses)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Kirat Rai,[2] Devanagari | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bap – inclusive codeIndividual code: wly – Waling |
| Glottolog | bant1280 |
| ELP | Bantawa |
Bantawa is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Bantawa is spoken in subject-object-verb order, and has no noun classes or genders.[6]
 |
Most of the Bantawa clan are now settled in Bhojpur, Dharan, Illam, and Dhankuta. Recent figures show most of them are settled in Dharan. Bantawa is spoken in the following districts of Nepal (Ethnologue).
- Province No. 1: Bhojpur District, Dhankuta District, Ilam District, Jhapa District, Khotang District, Morang District, Okhaldhunga District, Panchthar District, Sunsari District, Taplejung District and Udayapur District
- Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kalimpong of India
Dialects are as follows (Ethnologue).
- Northern Bantawa (Dilpali)
- Northern subdialects: Mangpahang, Raipachha, Awaichha, Rungchenbung and Yangma
- Southern Bantawa (Chewali, Okhreli, Hatuwali, Hangkhim)
- Southern and Northern Bantawa, similar, could be united as 'Intermediate Bantawa'.
- Eastern Bantawa (Dhankuta)
- Eastern dialect is the most divergent. It is most closely related to Dungmali language, though also related to Puma language, Sampang language, and Chhintange language.
- Western Bantawa (Amchoke, Amchauke)
- Amchaucke dialects: Sorung, Saharaja, Lulam, and Sukita
- Wana Bantawa (also called simply Bantawa), spoken by the Bantawa subcaste. The Amchoke dialect is spoken in the Limbu area, especially in Ilam district.
Bantawa is also considered as a superior clan in the Kiranti family. Bantawa is also reportedly in use as a lingua franca among Rai minorities in Himalayan Sikkim, Darjeeling Kalimpong In India and Bhutan. Meanwhile, the language is just being introduced in a few schools at the primary level (Year 1- Year 5)[7] using Devanagari script.[8][9]
The extinct Waling language attested from the late 19th century may have been a variety of Bantawa, or a closely related language, if not the Hatuwali dialect the Waling people speak today.
|
| Bantawa | IPA | Nepali | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sewa सेवा | sewä | नमस्ते | Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening, |
| Kok कोक | kok | भात | Food, Rice |
| Khan खान | kʰän | तरकारी | Curry |
| Münachi मनाचि | mɨnätsi | मानिसहरू | People |
| Diwa दिवा | diwä | बाजे | Grandfather |
| Dima दिमा | dimä | बजू | Grandmother |
| Papa पापा | päpä | बुबा | Father |
| Mama मामा | mämä | आमा | Mother |
| Nana नाना | nänä | दिदी | Elder-sister |
| Nichhama निछामा | nitsʰmä | बहिनी | Little-Sister |
| Dewa देवा | dewä | ठूलो बुबा | Uncle elder to dad |
| Dema देमा | demä | बडी आमा | Aunt Elder to Dad/ Dad's elder sister-in-law |
| Baŋa बाङा | bäŋä | काका | Uncle younger to Dad |
| Chhɨna छ़ना | tsʰɨnä | काकी | Younger uncle wife |
| Büwa ब़वा | bɨwä | दाजु | Elder Brother |
| Nichha निछा | nit͡sʰä | भाइ | Younger Brother |
| Nichha'o Chhachi निछा:ओ छाची | nitsʰäʔo tsʰätsi | भाइबहिनीका छोराछोरी | Brothers' or sisters' children |
| Aachhuwa, chhuwa आछुवा, छुवा | ätsʰuwa tsʰuwa | मामा | Mother's younger Brother |
| Phekwa फेकवा | pek-wa | पैसा | Money |
| Teet तित | tit | लुगा | Cloths |
| Cha'wa चा:वा | t͡säʔwä | पानी | Water |
| Mi मि | mi | आगो | Fire |
| Thuli थुलि | tʰuli | पिठो | Flour |
| Sampicha साम्पिचा | sämpit͡sä | कोदो | Millet |
| Khabat, Wachhon खाबात, वाछोन | kʰäwät wät͡sʰon | जाड | Locally brew wine |
| Hengmawa हेङमावा | heŋmäwä | रक्सी | Rum/Whisky/Brandy |
| Sa सा | sä | मासु | Meat |
| Chhüna छ़ना | t͡sʰɨnä | फुपु | Aunt (Father's sister) |
| Diwa, Dima दिवा, दिमा | diwä dimä | हजुरबुवा, हजुरआमा | Grandfather, Grandmother |
| Oyatni ओयात्नी | ohyätni | यहाँ तिर | Here |
| Moyatni मोयात्नी | moyätni | त्यहाँ तिर | There |
| Khada खादा | kʰädä | कहाँ | Where |
| Demni देम्नी | demni | कति | How |
| Unni उन्नी | unni | यति मात्र | This much |
| Chama चामा | t͡sämä | खानु | to Eat |
| Tücha त़चा | tɨ t͡sä | खाने हो? | Do you want to eat? |
| Kok Tücha? कोक त़चा ? | kok tɨ t͡sä | खाना खाने हो ? | Do you eat rice? |
| Küng | kɨŋ | दात | teeth |
| Ütlo | ɨt-lo | नराम्रो, खराब | bad |
| Munima मुनिमा | munimä | बिरालो | Cat |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | |||
| Close | i ᤀᤡ ⟨इ⟩ | ɨ ~ ə ᤀ ⟨उ़⟩ | u ᤀᤢ ⟨उ⟩ |
| Close-mid | e ᤀᤣ ⟨ए⟩ | o ᤀᤥ ⟨ओ⟩ | |
| Open-mid | ʌ ᤀᤨ ⟨अ⟩ | ||
| Open | ä ᤀᤠ ⟨आ⟩ | ||
- ʌ vowel comes in Bantawa due to influence of Nepali language and it is rarely used like in other Tibetan Burmese language.
- nowadays some dialect or in region may pronounce /ɨ/ as [ʌ], [u], or [ə].
Example: mɨk (eye) pronounce as mʌk, pɨ (snake) as pʌ.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Apico- alveolar |
Lamino- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ᤔ ⟨म⟩ | n ᤏ ⟨न⟩ | ŋ ᤅ ⟨ङ⟩ | ||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | unaspirated | p ᤐ ⟨प⟩ | t̪ ᤋ ⟨त⟩ | t ᤋ ⟨ट⟩ | t͡s ᤆ ⟨च⟩ | k ᤁ ⟨क⟩ | ʔ ᤹ ⟨:⟩ | |
| aspirated | pʰ ᤑ ⟨फ⟩ | t̪ʰ ᤌ ⟨थ⟩ | tʰ ᤌ ⟨ठ⟩ | t͡sʰ ᤇ ⟨छ⟩ | kʰ ᤂ ⟨ख⟩ | ||||
| voiced | unaspirated | b ᤒ ⟨ब⟩ | d̪ ᤍ ⟨द⟩ | d ᤍ ⟨ड⟩ | d͡z ᤈ ⟨ज⟩ | ɡ ᤃ ⟨ग⟩ | |||
| aspirated | bʱ ᤓ ⟨भ⟩ | d̪ʱ ᤎ ⟨ध⟩ | dʱ ᤎ ⟨ढ⟩ | d͡zʱ ᤉ ⟨झ⟩ | ɡʱ ᤄ ⟨घ⟩ | ||||
| Fricative | s ᤛ ⟨स⟩ | ɦ ᤜ ⟨ह⟩ | |||||||
| Trill | r ᤖ ⟨र⟩ | ||||||||
| Lateral | l ᤗ ⟨ल⟩ | ||||||||
| Approximant | w ᤘ ⟨व⟩ | j ᤕ ⟨य⟩ | |||||||
- Glotta stop [ʔ] is one of the consonants of Bantawa language which is represent by using ⟨:⟩.
- Dental consonant and Apico-alveolar does not make any difference while speaking.
- To write Bantawa language Kirat Sirijunga lipi and Devanagari lipi is being used in Nepal.
- Bantawa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Waling at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - "Language use among the Bantawa: Homogeneity, education, access, and relative prestige". SIL International. 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- "Bantawa: observations of a threatened language". robbie.eugraph.com. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- Jadranka Gvozdanovic (2004). Morphosyntactic transparency in Bantawa (.pdf). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110178418. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - "The Bantawa Rai of Nepal". Archived from the original on 2008-03-05. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- "Bantawa, A language of Nepal". Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- Winter, Werner. 2003. A Bantawa Dictionary. Trends in Linguistics - Documentation 20. Mouton de Gruyter: New York.
- Doornenbal, Marius. 2009. A Grammar of Bantawa. Leiden University PhD Thesis. LOT Dissertation Series: Utrecht.
- Nishi 西, Yoshio 義郎 (1992b). "バンタワ語" [Bantawa, Bantāwā, Bāntāwā, Bantava; Bontawa, Bontāwā; Buntāwā, Bāntuwā]. In 亀井 Kamei, 孝 Takashi; 河野 Kōno, 六郎 Rokurō; 千野 Chino, 栄一 Eichi (eds.). 三省堂言語学大辞典 The Sanseido Encyclopaedia of Linguistics (in Japanese). Vol. 3. Tokyo: 三省堂 Sanseido Press. pp. 380a–391a. ISBN 4385152179.