Energy_density_Extended_Reference_Table

Energy density Extended Reference Table

Add article description

This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page:

More information Storage type, Specific energy (MJ/kg) ...

Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Energy_density_Extended_Reference_Table, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[prelas-1] [1]
Prelas, Mark (2015). Nuclear-Pumped Lasers. Springer. p. 135. ISBN 9783319198453.

[2] [2]
http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/215/1/012194/pdf/1742-6596_215_1_012194.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

[3] [3]
Cosgrove, Lee A.; Snyder, Paul E. (2002-05-01). "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (13): 3102–3103. doi:10.1021/ja01109a018.

[4] [4]
Glukhovtsev, Mikhail N.; Jiao, Haijun; Schleyer, Paul von Ragué (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?†". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (24): 7124–7133. doi:10.1021/ic9606237. PMID 11666896.

[5] [5]
Ammonia#Combustion

[6] [6]
Miller, Catherine (1 February 2021). "Introduction to Rocket Propulsion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.

[7] [7]
Wiley Interscience

[8] [8]
Octanitrocubane

[9] [9]
Wiley Interscience

[autogenerated1-10] [10]
"Chemical Explosives". Fas.org. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[11] [11]
Nitroglycerin

[12] [12]
HMX

[13] [13]
"Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery". News-service.stanford.edu. 2007-12-18. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[14] [14]
"Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries". Nexergy. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[15] [15]
"The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell". Llnl.gov. 1994-12-01. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[16] [16]
"Technology". SolarReserve. Archived from the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[17] [17]
"New battery could change world, one house at a time". Heraldextra.com. 2009-04-04. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[18] [18]
Kita, A.; Misaki, H.; Nomura, E.; Okada, K. (August 1984). "Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #5960185". Proc., Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf.; (United States). 2. Osti.gov. OSTI 5960185.

[duracell-Ag2O-19] [19]
"ProCell Lithium battery chemistry". Duracell. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-04-21.

[li-nr-props-20] [20]
"Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries". corrosion-doctors.org. Retrieved 2009-04-21.

[aab-21] [21]
"Battery energy storage in various battery types". AllAboutBatteries.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-04-21.

[BatteryspaceCom-22] [22]
A typically available lithium-ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg "Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh - Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4) - LC-18650H4". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[23] [23]
"Lithium Batteries". Archived from the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2010-07-02.

[JLE-24] [24]
Justin Lemire-Elmore (2004-04-13). "The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles" (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2009-02-26. Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries

[25] [25]
"Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet" (PDF). Sion Power, Inc. 2005-09-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-28.

[26] [26]
Kolosnitsyn, V.S.; E.V. Karaseva (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 44 (5): 506–509. doi:10.1134/s1023193508050029. S2CID 97022927.

[Investire-27] [27]
"Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[pddnet-28] [28]
"Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage". Product Design & Development. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2009-05-21.

[29] [29]
"Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[30] [30]
"ZBB Energy Corp". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. 75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram

[31] [31]
High Energy Metal Hydride Battery Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine

[32] [32]
"Microsoft Word - V-FUEL COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY SHEET 2008.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[33] [33]
"Maxwell Technologies: Ultracapacitors - BCAP3000". Maxwell.com. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[autogenerated2004-34] [34]
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-12-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[35] [35]
Archived February 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

[36] [36]
"Department of Computing". Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[askmar.com-37] [37]
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2012-12-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[38] [38]
"Garage Door Springs". Garagedoor.org. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

Storage type	Specific energy (MJ/kg)	Energy density (MJ/L)	Peak recovery efficiency %	Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary Antimatter	89,875,517,874	depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion	576,000,000^[1]
Uranium-235 fissile isotope	144,000,000^[1]	1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor	86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor	3,456,000			35%
Pu-238 α-decay	2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer	1,326,000	17,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor	443,000			35%
Ta-180m isomer	41,340	689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)	216^[2]
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate)	33.0
Beryllium + Oxygen	23.9^[3]
Lithium + Fluorine	23.75^{[citation needed]}
Octaazacubane potential explosive	22.9^[4]
Ammonia (NH₃)	16.9	11.5^[5]^{[circular reference]}
Hydrogen + Oxygen	13.4^[6]
Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline	13.3^{[citation needed]}
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed^{[citation needed]}	9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive	8.5^[7]	16.9^[8]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed^{[citation needed]}	8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed^{[citation needed]}	8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)^{[citation needed]}	7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive	7^[9]
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed^{[citation needed]}	6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH₄NO₃ oxidizer)^{[citation needed]}	6.9	12.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed^{[citation needed]}	6.6
Nitroglycerin	6.38^[10]	10.2^[11]
ANFO-ANNM^{[citation needed]}	6.26
battery, Lithium–air	6.12
Octogen (HMX)	5.7^[10]	10.8^[12]
TNT [Kinney, G.F.; K.J. Graham (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-15147-0.]^{[citation needed]}	4.610	6.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)^{[citation needed]}	4.13	20.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe₂O₃ as oxidizer)	4.00	18.4
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)	2.7	3.8
battery, Lithium-ion nanowire	2.54	29		95%^{[clarification needed]}^[13]
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)^[14]	2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C^{[citation needed]}^{[clarification needed]}	1.968	0.708
Kinetic energy penetrator ^{[clarification needed]}	1.9	30
battery, Fluoride-ion ^{[citation needed]}	1.7	2.8
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell^[15]	1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.6	1.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)	1.4	2.5
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt	1^{[citation needed]}			98%^[16]
Molecular spring approximate^{[citation needed]}	1
battery, Sodium–Sulfur	0.72^[17]	1.23^{[citation needed]}		85%^[18]
battery, Lithium–Manganese^[19]^[20]	0.83-1.01	1.98-2.09
battery, Lithium-ion^[21]^[22]	0.46-0.72	0.83-3.6^[23]		95%^[24]
battery, Lithium–Sulfur^[25]	1.80^[26]	1.26
battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature	0.56
battery, Silver-oxide^[19]	0.47	1.8
Flywheel	0.36-0.5^[27]^[28]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet^{[clarification needed]}	0.4	3.2
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries^[29]	0.4	1.55
battery, Zinc-manganese (alkaline), long life design^[19]^[21]	0.4-0.59	1.15-1.43
Liquid Nitrogen	0.349
Water - Enthalpy of Fusion	0.334	0.334
battery, Zinc Bromine flow (ZnBr)^[30]	0.27
battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH), High Power design as used in cars^[31]	0.250	0.493
battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd)^[21]	0.14	1.08		80%^[24]
battery, Zinc–Carbon^[21]	0.13	0.331
battery, Lead–acid^[21]	0.14	0.36
battery, Vanadium redox	0.09^{[citation needed]}	0.1188		7070-75%
battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox	0.18	0.252		80%–90%^[32]
Capacitor Ultracapacitor	0.0199^[33]	0.050^{[citation needed]}
Capacitor Supercapacitor	0.01^{[citation needed]}		80%–98.5%^[34]	39%–70%^[34]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage	0	0.008^[35]		>95%
Capacitor	0.002^[36]
Neodymium magnet		0.003^[37]
Ferrite magnet		0.0003^[37]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring	0.0003^[38]	0.0006
Storage type	Energy density by mass (MJ/kg)	Energy density by volume (MJ/L)	Peak recovery efficiency %	Practical recovery efficiency %

Energy_density_Extended_Reference_Table

Notes

Share this article: