Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).^[3]

Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BCE or later):

• 1QIsa^a: complete^[4]
• 4QIsa^a (4Q55): extant: verses 4–7
• 4QIsa^f (4Q60): extant: verses 3–8, 10–13

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century).^[5]

Old Testament references

• Isaiah 6:9–10: Isaiah 43:8; Isaiah 44:18–20

New Testament references

• Isaiah 6:9–10: Matthew 13:14–15; Mark 4:12; Luke 8:10; John 12:40; Acts 28:26–27; Romans 11:8.^[6]

Verse 1

In the year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, high and lifted up, and the train of His robe filled the temple.^[8]

• Cross reference: 2 Chronicles 26:16–21

The date of the death of Uzziah has been estimated as around 740 BCE.^[9][10] Archaeologist William F. Albright dated Uzziah's reign to 783 – 742 BCE.^[11]

Verse 2

Above him stood the seraphim. Each had six wings: with two he covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew.^[12]

• "Seraphim": described here as the 'messengers in the divine council', but has no real biblical parallel.^[13] The root word ś-r-p, for Seraph, gives a portrayal of the 'burning ones'.^[13]

Verse 3

And one called to another and said:

"Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts;

the whole earth is full of his glory!"^[14]

This verse is repeated several times in daily Jewish services, including the Kedushah prayer during the repetition of the Amidah, and is part of the Sanctus in Christian Eucharistic Prayer.^[13]

Verse 8

Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying,

Whom shall I send,

and who will go for us?

Then said I,

Here am I; send me.^[15]

• "Us": the plural form refers to 'the entire divine assembly'.^[16]
• "Here am I; send me": This declaration is remarkable because it is in contrast to the despair Isaiah expresses in verse 5 and for the observation that his human voice is heard in the heavenly court (cf. 1 Kings 22:19–23; Revelation 5:1–14).^[17] The Jerusalem Bible notes Abraham and Isaiah as examples of biblical characters who readily respond, and contrasts them with Moses and Jeremiah, whose response is hesitant.^[18]

Verse 13

"But yet a tenth will be in it,

And will return and be for consuming,

As a terebinth tree or as an oak,

Whose stump remains when it is cut down.

So the holy seed shall be its stump."^[19]

Cross reference: Isaiah 4:2; Isaiah 11:1; Isaiah 53:2; Jeremiah 23:5