Larger_Urban_Zones
Functional urban area
Measure of metropolitan and surrounding areas
The functional urban area (FUA), previously known as larger urban zone (LUZ),[1] is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.[2] It consists of a city and its commuting zone outside it.[3]
The definition was introduced in 2004 by Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.[4][5] Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries, candidate countries and EFTA countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.[6][7][8]
The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region." To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban region.
In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.
This section duplicates the scope of other articles, specifically List of metropolitan areas in Europe. |
This is a list of functional urban areas by population as of 2017. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.
Rank | Functional urban area | Country | Population | Area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Paris | France | 13,998,000 | 12,079.87[9] |
2 | Istanbul | Turkey | 11,154,928 | |
3 | London | United Kingdom | 10,345,124 | 8,900[9] |
4 | Madrid | Spain | 5,804,829 | 8,022 |
5 | Ruhr Area | Germany | 5,302,179 | 4,435 |
6 | Berlin | Germany | 4,971,331 | 17,385 |
7 | Naples | Italy | 4,475,682 | 564.95 |
8 | Barcelona | Spain | 4,233,638 | 1,796.64 |
9 | Athens | Greece | 4,013,368 | 3,806.92 |
10 | Ankara | Turkey | 3,736,359 | |
11 | Rome | Italy | 3,457,690 | 3,666.66 |
12 | Hamburg | Germany | 3,134,620 | 7,304 |
12 | Milan | Italy | 3,076,643 | 1,348.32 |
13 | Katowice metropolitan area | Poland | 2,710,397 | 2,650.65 |
14 | Stuttgart | Germany | 2,663,660 | 3,654 |
15 | Warsaw | Poland | 2,631,710 | 5,201.72 |
16 | Manchester | United Kingdom | 2,539,100 | 1,280 |
17 | Munich | Germany | 2,531,706 | 5,504 |
18 | Frankfurt | Germany | 2,517,561 | 4,305 |
19 | İzmir | Turkey | 2,459,474 | |
20 | Lisbon | Portugal | 2,435,837 | 1,432.49 |
21 | Budapest | Hungary | 2,393,846 | 2,538[9] |
22 | Leeds | United Kingdom | 2,393,300 | 5,114[9] |
23 | Birmingham | United Kingdom | 2,357,100 | 1,598 |
24 | Vienna | Austria | 2,179,769 | 4,610.93[9] |
25 | Bucharest | Romania | 2,140,194 | 662 |
26 | Prague | Czech Republic | 1,964,750 | 6,977[9] |
27 | Cologne | Germany | 1,873,580 | 1,626 |
28 | Stockholm | Sweden | 1,860,872 | 6,519 |
29 | Copenhagen | Denmark | 1,806,667[9] | 2,759[9] |
30 | Brussels | Belgium | 1,800,663 | 1,613.91 |
31 | Glasgow | United Kingdom | 1,747,100 | 3,346 |
32 | Turin | Italy | 1,745,221 | 1,878.97 |
33 | Lyon | France | 1,717,300 | 5,997.68[9] |
34 | Belgrade | Serbia | 1,683,962 | 514 |
35 | Valencia | Spain | 1,564,145 | 1,440.58 |
36 | Dublin | Republic of Ireland | 1,535,446[9] | |
37 | Düsseldorf | Germany | 1,525,029 | 1,201 |
38 | Bursa | Turkey | 1,474,482 | |
39 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | 1,443,258 | 859.28 |
40 | Adana | Turkey | 1,394,130 | |
41 | Liverpool | United Kingdom | 1,365,900 | 821 |
42 | Bielefeld | Germany | 1,297,876 | 2,921 |
43 | Hanover | Germany | 1,294,447 | 2,966 |
44 | Nuremberg | Germany | 1,288,797 | 2,934 |
45 | Sheffield | United Kingdom | 1,277,100 | 1,846 |
46 | Kraków | Poland | 1,264,322 | 2,988.65 |
47 | Sofia | Bulgaria | 1,263,807[9] | 3,424.2[9] |
48 | Seville | Spain | 1,249,346 | 3,081.9 |
49 | Bremen | Germany | 1,249,291 | 5,885 |
50 | Helsinki | Finland | 1,224,107 | 2,969.94 |
51 | Rotterdam | Netherlands | 1,186,818 | 611.75 |
52 | Łódź | Poland | 1,163,516 | 2,857.51 |
53 | Ostrava | Czech Republic | 1,153,876 | 3,889.6[9] |
54 | Zürich | Switzerland | 1,110,478 | 1,086.14 |
55 | Tricity | Poland | 1,105,203 | 3,457.32 |
56 | Porto | Portugal | 1,099,040 | 562.32 |
57 | Oslo | Norway | 1,090,513 | 6,920 |
58 | Newcastle upon Tyne | United Kingdom | 1,055,600 | 3,385 |
59 | Gaziantep | Turkey | 1,052,795 | |
60 | Toulouse | France | 1,052,497 | 4,706.93[9] |
61 | Wrocław | Poland | 1,031,439 | 4,582.2 |
62 | Poznań | Poland | 1,018,511 | 3,719.2 |
63 | Gothenburg | Sweden | 1,015,974 | 3,694.86 |
64 | Bristol | United Kingdom | 1,006,600 | 1,635 |
65 | Riga | Latvia | 1,003,949 | 5,382.5 |
List of functional urban areas
This is a list of functional urban areas. The Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.[10] This data is also included.
The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.[11]
Functional urban area | Country | OECD Population (2014) [10] | Eurostat Population (2006)[12] | Eurostat Population (2016)[13] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amsterdam metropolitan area | Netherlands | 2,452,659 | 2,497,000[lower-alpha 1] | 2,771,661 |
Antwerp | Belgium | 1,081,904 | 1,406,000[lower-alpha 2] | 1,100,139 |
Athens | Greece | 3,535,055 | 3,761,000 | 3,863,763 |
Barcelona metropolitan area | Spain | 3,846,697 | 4,082,000[lower-alpha 3] | 5,445,616 |
Berlin | Germany | 4,399,542 | 4,016,000 | 5,005,216 |
Bilbao | Spain | 1,013,805 | 947,000 | 1,025,109 |
Birmingham (West Midlands) | United Kingdom | 1,957,078 | 3,701,107 | 2,332,629 |
Bordeaux | France | 1,175,699 | No data | 1,244,264 |
Bremen | Germany | 1,027,192 | 1,077,000 | 1,244,363 |
Bristol | United Kingdom | 836,621 | 1,041,000 | 1,090,080 |
Brussels-Capital Region | Belgium | 2,588,102 | 2,639,000[lower-alpha 2] | 2,625,525 |
Bucharest metropolitan area | Romania | 2,402,530 | 2,158,558 | 2,403,107 |
Budapest metropolitan area | Hungary | 2,879,601 | 2,523,000 | 2,993,948 |
Cardiff | United Kingdom | 664,861 | 1,097,000 | 1,085,526 |
Copenhagen | Denmark | 2,025,171 | 1,881,000[lower-alpha 4] | 1,893,010 |
Dublin Metropolitan Area | Ireland | 1,836,119 | 1,261,332 | 1,263,035 |
Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Region | Germany | 2,533,311 | 2,764,000[lower-alpha 5] | 2,573,745 |
Gdańsk | Poland | 1,105,467 | No data | 1,141,954[lower-alpha 6] |
Greater Glasgow | United Kingdom | 967,101 | 1,395,000 | 1,789,003 |
Metropolitan Gothenburg | Sweden | 1,015,974 | No data | 1,006,548[lower-alpha 7] |
The Hague | Netherlands | 906,897 | 1,404,000[lower-alpha 1] | 1,070,027 |
Hamburg Metropolitan Region | Germany | 3,008,841 | 2,983,000 | 3,173,871 |
Hanover | Germany | 1,217,511 | No data | 1,300,687 |
Helsinki Metropolitan Area | Finland | 1,498,050 | 1,285,000 | 1,532,309 |
Katowice metropolitan area | Poland | 2,589,349 | 3,029,000[lower-alpha 8] | 2,743,929 |
Kraków metropolitan area | Poland | 1,362,740 | 1,236,000 | 1,276,438 |
West Yorkshire (Leeds – Bradford) | United Kingdom | 1,774,552[lower-alpha 9] | 2,302,000 | 2,238,127 |
Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai | France/ Belgium |
1,363,465[lower-alpha 10] | 1,379,000[lower-alpha 11] | 2,572,374 |
Lisbon metropolitan area | Portugal | 3,039,662 | 2,791,000 | 2,839,908 |
Liverpool/Birkenhead | United Kingdom | 954,181 | 2,241,000 | 1,352,000 |
Łódź | Poland | 939,568 | 1,165,000 | 1,116,660 |
London metropolitan area | United Kingdom | 11,701,236 | 13,109,000 | 12,250,000 |
Lyon | France | 1,960,847 | 1,669,000 | 2,188,759 |
Madrid metropolitan area | Spain | 7,079,173 | 5,263,000 | 6,378,297 |
Greater Manchester | United Kingdom | 1,935,559 | 2,556,000 | 2,615,144 |
Mannheim | Germany | 1,230,276 | No data | 1,172,821 |
Marseille | France | 1,773,503 | 1,530,000 | 1,750,885[lower-alpha 12] |
Milan metropolitan area | Italy | 4,159,854 | 4,136,000[lower-alpha 13] | 4,267,946 |
Munich | Germany | 2,965,871 | 2,665,000[lower-alpha 14] | 2,808,581 |
Naples metropolitan area | Italy | 4,475,682 | 4,654,259[lower-alpha 15] | 4,127,390 |
Nice | France | 865,195 | 1,082,000 | 1,017,307 |
Nottingham-Derby | United Kingdom | 863,918 | 1,614,000 | 1,927,550 |
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region | Germany | 1,169,367 | 1,443,000 | 1,301,504 |
Greater Oslo | Norway | 1,299,955 | 1,037,000 | 1,144,883 |
Ostrava | Czech Republic | no data | no data | 1,119,593[lower-alpha 16] |
Paris metropolitan area | France | 12,037,889 | 13,975,000 | 12,824,000 |
Porto Metropolitan Area | Portugal | 1,737,829 | 1,245,000[lower-alpha 17] | 1,286,111 |
Portsmouth-Southampton | United Kingdom | 594,455 | 1,547,000 | 1,498,402[lower-alpha 18] |
Prague | Czech Republic | 1,910,396 | 1,669,000 | 2,224,080[lower-alpha 19] |
Rhein-Nord[lower-alpha 20] (Düsseldorf – Neuss) | Germany | 1,427,823[lower-alpha 21] | 3,073,000[lower-alpha 22] | 1,527,176 |
Rhein-Süd[lower-alpha 20] (Cologne – Bonn) | Germany | 1,926,073[lower-alpha 23] | 3,070,000[lower-alpha 22] | 3,023,545[lower-alpha 24] |
Riga | Latvia | No data | 1,195,000 | 1,089,767 |
Rome metropolitan area | Italy | 4,149,364 | 4,353,738 | 3,700,000 |
Rotterdam | Netherlands | 1,509,373 | 1,904,000[lower-alpha 1] | 1,818,563 |
Ruhr area | Germany | No data[lower-alpha 25] | 5,376,000[lower-alpha 22] | 5,045,784 |
Saarbrücken – Forbach | Germany/ France |
570,479[lower-alpha 26] | 1,102,000 | 822,128 |
Seville | Spain | 1,500,644 | 1,180,000[lower-alpha 27] | 1,877,060 |
Sofia | Bulgaria | No data | 1,260,120 | 1,543,377 |
Metropolitan Stockholm | Sweden | 2,018,208 | 2,171,000 | 2,034,354[citation needed] |
South Yorkshire (Sheffield) | United Kingdom | 920,128 | 1,569,000 | 1,596,298 |
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region | Germany | 1,965,942 | 2,289,000 | 2,678,795 |
Thessaloniki metropolitan area | Greece | 975,439 | 1,052,000 | 1,166,914 |
Toulouse | France | 1,309,149 | No data | 1,388,978 |
Turin metropolitan area | Italy | 1,774,507 | 1,601,000[lower-alpha 28] | 2,302,353 |
Newcastle-Sunderland | United Kingdom | 1,082,729[lower-alpha 29] | 1,599,000 | 1,141,879 |
Valencia | Spain | 1,668,153 | 1,398,000[lower-alpha 30] | 2,516,818 |
Vienna | Austria | 2,793,631 | 2,584,000 | 2,339,807 |
Warsaw metropolitan area | Poland | 3,037,890 | 2,785,000 | 3,304,641 |
Zagreb | Croatia | No data | 1,107,115 | 1,123,374 |
Zürich metropolitan area | Switzerland | 1,246,968 | 1,615,000 | 1,984,534 |
- Total population is 4,251,000 if the metropolitan area of Mataro (169,000) is included.
- Part of the wider Öresund region, which includes the Swedish metropolitan area of Malmö (961,000). The total regional population is 2,842,000.
- Part of the polycentric Upper Silesian urban region with a total population of 5,294,000. The region additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Ostrava (1,046,000), Bielsko-Biala (584,000) and Rybnik (526,000).
- When combined with the Augsburg metropolitan area (606,000), the region has a total population of 3,271,000.
- Part of the polycentric urban region of Rhein-Ruhr, which has a total population of 12,190,000.
- Total population is 1,262,000 if the metropolitan area of Utrera (82,000) is included.
- Total population is 1,716,000 if the metropolitan of Pinerolo is included.
- Total population is 1,499,000 if the metropolitan area of Sagunto is included.
- "Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas". Eurostat.
Within the Urban Audit, (...) functional urban areas were previously referred to as 'larger urban zones'.
- Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020 Archived 2 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- "City statistics – Urban audit". Eurostat. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009.
- "The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics". Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat. March 2006. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006.
- www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094822/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011.
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(help) - https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
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(help) - https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)
- "OECD Populations in cities". OECD. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- "Urban Audit Database". Urbanaudit.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)