List_of_active_nationalist_parties_in_Europe

List of active nationalist parties in Europe

List of active nationalist parties in Europe

Add article description

Nationalist parties in Europe have been on the rise since the early 2010s[1][2][3][4][5] due to, according to some, austerity measures and immigration.[6][7]

Analyses

Linguist Ruth Wodak has stated that the populist parties rising across Europe do so for different reasons in different countries. In an article published in March 2014, she divided these political parties into four groups: "parties [which] gain support via an ambivalent relationship with fascist and Nazi pasts" (in, e.g., Austria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and France), parties which "focus primarily on a perceived threat from Islam" (in, e.g., the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland), parties which "restrict their propaganda to a perceived threat to their national identities from ethnic minorities" (in, e.g., Hungary, Greece, Italy, and the United Kingdom), and parties which "endorse a fundamentalist Christian conservative-reactionary agenda" (in, e.g., Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria).[8] According to The Economist, the main attraction of far-right parties in the Scandinavian countries is the perception that their national culture is under threat.[9]

Different parts of Europe have nationalist parties with various ideologies and goals. Most nationalist parties in Central and Western Europe are described as "right-wing populists".[10] According to Thomas Klau of the European Council on Foreign Relations "as antisemitism was a unifying factor for far-right parties in the 1910s, 20s and 30s, Islamophobia has become the unifying factor in the early decades of the 21st century."[11] At the other side, there are non-rightist nationalist forces, many of them are leftist, civic or big-tent parties, which often advocate regionalism.

Overview

There are several nationalist political parties of all kinds in Europe, with different cases among the countries.

In Cyprus, because of the complicated situation on the island nation, most of the political forces are described as nationalist but on a different perspective each: leftist-nationalist AKEL supports Cypriotism, social-democratic EDEK, green KOSP and centrist DIKO are Greek-Cypriot nationalist, while national-populist ELAM supports Hellenic nationalism and union with Hellas.

In Belarus (Belaya Rus) and in Azerbaijan (New Azerbaijan Party), the dominant ruling parties are also big-tent nationalist, while in Russia both the ruling big-tent party (United Russia) and the main opposition parties (leftist Commnist Party and far-right LDPR) are nationalist. In Turkey, almost all the political parties, from centre-left kemalists to the far-right, are nationalist, including the government parties (conservative AKP, far-right MHP) and the main opposition (kemalist CHP, civic nationalist İYİ).

Right-wing or far-right nationalist parties are the biggest party in Switzerland (Swiss People's Party) and the ruling party in Italy (Brothers of Italy, Lega), in Hungary (Fidesz), part of the government in Finland (Finns Party) , while in Sweden (Swedish Democrats) and in Serbia (United Serbia) they support the government. Also, in North Macedonia, nationalist VMRO-DPMNE is one of the two major parties in the country.

In the UK, Scotland's government is ruled by SNP, a catch-all and mostly social-democratic nationalist party that supports Scottish independence. In Spain, the centre-left government is supported by leftist nationalist ERC (Catalonia) and EH-Bildu (Basque) that seeking Catalan and Basque independence prospectively and also by the centrist nationalist and pro-Basque-independence BNP. In Norway (civic nationalist Centre Party) and in Cyprus (centrist DIKO, social-democratic EDEK), non-rightist nationalist parties are coalition partners on the governments. Also in Moldova, leftist nationalist PSRM is one of the two major political forces.

In all other countries, nationalist parties are in opposition. In some countries, opposition nationalist parties are major or significant players in politics, such as France's National Rally and La France Insoumise, Germany's AfD, Spain's Vox, Hellas' Hellenic Solution, Serbia's Oathkeepers and Dveri, Portugal's Chega, Netherlands' PVV and Forum for Democracy, Catalonia's (Esp) Junts and CUP, Ukraine's Batkivshchyna and Svoboda, Estonia's Conservative People's Party, Austria's Freedom Party, Bulgaria's Revival, Flanders' (Bel) Vlaams Belang and New Flemish Alliance, Hungary's Jobbik and Our Homeland Movement, Czechia's SPD, Norway's Progress Party, Armenia's Revolutionary Federation, Wales' (UK) Plaid Cymru, Sprska's (B&H) Alliance of Independents Social Democrats, Slovakia's National Party, Republika and Smer, Slovenia's SDS, Cyprus' AKEL and ELAM, Denmark's People's Party, Ireland's Sinn Fein, Moldova's Şor, Croatia's Homeland Movement, Luxembourg's Alternative Democratic Reform, Bosnia's Party of Democratic Action etc. In the United Kingdom, there is UK Independence Party, as a minor political player.

Separatist/regionalist nationalist parties with strong influence in the whole countries' politics are mentioned above, are ERC, Junts and CUP from Catalonia, Lega from Northern Italy, SNP from Scotland, Vlaams Belang and New Flemish Alliance from Flanders, Alliance of Independents Social Democrats from Sprska and Plaid Cymru from Wales. Also, there are some separatist nationalist parties with strong -or even majority- influence at local councils: Basqonian Geroa Bai from Navarre, Pe a Corsica from Corsica, Croatian Democratic Union from Croat-speaking Bosnia and Galician Nationalist Bloc from Galicia.

There are some cases, like Hellas's Golden Dawn, Slovakia's L'SNS, Croatia's Party of Rights or Germany's NPD, in which parties with significant role on the politics were ultra-nationalist and described as neonazist. Today, NPD is a minor extra-parliamentary party in Germany, Golden Dawn has eclipsed and condemned by the Hellenic Supreme Court as a criminal organization, Party of Rights is also almost eclipsed in Croatia, while L'SNS is still a parliamentary active political force in Slovakia. In Turkey, the government coalition partner MHP is considered ultra-conservative and neo-fascist, with links to the racist organization "Grey Wolves". In Italy, governing Brothers of Italy has post-fascist roots, while some years earlier the political parties MSI and its successor National Alliance (neo-fascist and post-fascist prospectively) were major political forces. In Hellas, the parliamentary political party of Spartans, though not neonazi/neofascist itself, entered the Parliament because of the endorsement of National Party - Hellenes and its leader Ilias Kasidhiaris, an ex-leading member of the neonazi Golden Dawn. Also, parties like Ukraine's Svoboda or Russia's LDPR have described as alleged with neonazism and neofascism.

Recent developments

Estonian General election, March 2019

The Conservative People's Party of Estonia is an Estonian far-right political party, founded in 2012. During the 2019 Estonian parliamentary election it had the largest gain overall of all parties, increasing their seat count by 12 to a total of 19 seats. Its public support is on the rise, according to opinion polls.

Spanish General election, November 2019

Vox is a Spanish right-wing to far-right political party, founded in 2012. It obtained, by surprise, 24 seats in the Spanish parliament in the April 2019 election. In the November 2019 election Vox obtained 52 seats (an increase) from what it got in early 2019. The president of Vox is Santiago Abascal and its general secretary is Javier Ortega Smith. Its public support is on the rise, according to results of subsequent regional elections, and opinion polls.

Hungarian Parliamentary Elections, 3 April 2022

Hungary held its General Parliamentary Elections on 3 April 2022, where 199 seats in the National Assembly of Hungary were filled. Two nationalist parties, emerged with seats in the new Assembly, with the new Prime Minister, Viktor Orban, being from the Fidesz-Christian Democratic People's Party. His party gained 135 seats, while the Our Homeland Movement gained 7 seats. This put 142 out of 199 seats in the Hungarian National Assembly under the control of nationalist parties..

Swedish General Elections, 11 September 2022

Sweden held its 2022 Swedish general election on 11 September 2022, where 349 seats in the Riksdag were filled. Sweden Democrats Sweden's far-right political party made gains winning 73 seats and becoming the 2nd largest party in Sweden with 20.07%. After the election Sweden Democrats joined the government.

They had two minor nationalist party's also ran Alternative for Sweden and Swedish Resistance Movement however they got a small % of the vote.

Italian General Elections, 25 September 2022

Italy held its General Elections on 25 September 2022, where 400 Deputies were elected to the Lower House and 200 Senators to the Upper House of the Italian Parliament. Italy's largest far-right party, the Lega Nord or "League" secured 125 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (Lower House) and 58 seats in the Senate (Upper House). The Brothers of Italy, another nationalist party, gained 32 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 18 seats in the Senate.

Observers commented that the results shifted the geopolitics of the European Union, following far-right gains in France, Spain, and Sweden.[12][13][14] It was also noted that the election outcome would mark Italy's first far-right-led government and the country's most right-wing government since 1945.[15][16][17]

Finnish General Elections, 2 April 2023

Finland held its General Elections, 2 April 2023, where 200 seats in the Eduskunta were elected to the Lower House. Finland's largest far-right party, the Finns Party secured 46 seats in the parliament, it was the second largest party with 20.07% of the vote.

They had two minor party's also ran Blue-and-Black Movement and Finnish People First but they got a small % of the votes.

Hellenic election, 2023

On the Hellenic Parliamentary elections in June 2023, far-right nationalist party Spartans entered the Parliament gaining 12/300 MP seats and around 4.5% of the popular vote. Two parties often described by some as nationalist also entered the Parliament: national-conservative Hellenic Solution gained 12/300 seats and around 4.5% of the popular vote, while christian-nationalist party Victory gained 10/300 sets with popular vote around 3.5%. Finally, Course of Freedom, an anti-establishment party which is described by some as left-wing nationalist, gained 3% of the popular vote and 8/300 seats. Totally, there are 12/300 (4%) seats belonging to a clearly far-right nationalist party, while by adding the seats of parties that sometimes described as nationalist, a total number of 42/300 (14%) of the Parliament MPs.

Prior to the election, there was an increasing coiling around National Party – Hellenes and its leader Ilias Kasidhiaris. Kasidhiaris, a former leading member of neonazi Golden Dawn party, tried to present a party with modern nationalist far-right profile, managing to reach around 5% in 2023 polls.[18] Finally, a law that exclude political parties connected to individuals sentenced as part of criminal organizations (Kasidhiaris is sentenced as leading person of Golden Dawn and serves his sentence on prison), did not allow at the party to take part on the election. Kasidiaris and his party, endorsed Spartans party, so it managed to enter the Parliament.

List

  •   the governing party
  •   giving parliamentary support

National

More information Country, Party ...

Disputed

More information Party, Country ...

Regional

More information Party, Country ...

European political parties with mainly nationalist parties

Ultra-nationalist, neo-fascist

National-conservative

Separatist/Regionalist

There are not europarties with left-wing or civic nationalist ideology, though there are individual national parties.

References

  1. [1]
    "EU president warns against rising nationalism in Europe". Today's Zaman. 11 November 2010. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  2. [2]
    "Special report: The rise of the right in Europe". Special Broadcasting Service. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  3. [3]
    "Rising European nationalism chills investors". CBS News. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  4. [4]
    "Fascism and Ultranationalism on the Rise in Countries Across Europe". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  5. [5]
    "Peter Popham: Rise of far right threatens to pollute politics across Europe". The Independent. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  6. [6]
    Smith-Spark, Laura (9 May 2012). "Anger at austerity, immigration feeds far right's rise in Europe". CNN. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  7. [7]
    "Rise of anti-immigration, anti-EU far right parties in Europe causes concern". Today's Zaman. 27 April 2012. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  8. [8]
    Wodak, Ruth (4 March 2014). "Right wing populist parties on the rise". Cyprus Mail. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  9. [9]
    "Culture matters more". The Economist. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  10. [10]
    "Continent of Fear: The Rise of Europe's Right-Wing Populists". Spiegel Online. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  11. [11]
    Walker, Peter; Taylor, Matthew (6 November 2011). "Far right on rise in Europe, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  12. [12]
    D'Emilio, Frances; Winfield, Nicole; Zampano, Giada (26 September 2022). "Italy shifts to the right as voters reward Meloni's party". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  13. [13]
    Horowitz, Jason (25 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni Wins Voting in Italy, in Breakthrough for Europe's Hard Right". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  14. [14]
    Lemire, Jonathan (26 September 2022). "White House anxiously watches Meloni's rise to power". Politico. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  15. [15]
    "Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  16. [16]
    Leali, Giorgio; Roberts, Hannah (25 September 2022). "Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini". Politico. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  17. [17]
    Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola (26 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini". CNN. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  18. [18]
    "Ψαλιδίζεται η διαφορά μεταξύ ΝΔ και ΣΥΡΙΖΑ".
  19. [19]
    Harutyunyan, Arus (2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. p. 89. ISBN 9781109120127. The ARF strives for the solution of the Armenian Cause and formation of the entire motherland with all Armenians. The party made it abundantly clear that historical justice will be achieved once ethnic Armenian repatriate to united Armenia, which in addition to its existing political boundaries would include Western Armenian territories (Eastern Turkey), Mountainous Karabagh and Nakhijevan (in Azerbaijan), and the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of the southern Georgia, bordering Armenia.
  20. [20]
    "The Supreme Goals of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation". ARF Shant Student Association. Archived from the original on 11 August 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2013. The boundaries of united Armenia must incorporate the territories awarded to Armenia by the Treaty of Sevres, as well as the regions of Nakhijevan, Javakhk, and Artsakh.
  21. [21]
    "Far-Right, Anti-Immigrant Parties Make Gains in Austrian Elections". New York Times. 28 September 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  22. [22]
    Wolfram Nordsieck. "Belgium". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  23. [23]
    Wingfield, George (2008). Belgium. Infobase Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7910-9670-3.
  24. [24]
    Thompson, Wayne C. (2008). Western Europe 2008. Stryker Post Pubns. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-887985-98-7.
  25. [25]
    Belgians' pride in EU role quells euroscepticism. EUobserver. Published 6 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  26. [26]
    Magone, José M. (2011), Comparative European Politics: An Introduction, Routledge, p. 386
  27. [27]
    Katsikas, Stefanos (2011), Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria, I.B. Tauris, p. 64
  28. [28]
    Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007), The Balkans: A Post-Communist History, Routledge, p. 120
  29. [29]
    "Political Parties". University of North Carolina. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  30. [30]
    "Ultra-right nationalist Croatian Party of Rights holding hate conference Friday". romea.cz. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  31. [31]
    "Ante Pavelić". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  32. [32]
    "Leader of Danish anti-immigrant party steps down". Reuters. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  33. [33]
    "Anti-immigrant Danish party jumps in poll". Financial Times. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  34. [34]
    Kelstrup, Morten (2006), "Denmark in the Process of European Integration: Dilemmas, Problems, and Perspectives", National Identity and the Varieties of Capitalism: The Danish Experience, McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 390
  35. [35]
    Lenz, Hartmut; Dorussen, Han (2006), "Denmark: the Nordic model as an effort to bridge elite Euro-optimism and popular Euro-skepticism", Policy Making Processes and the European Constitution, Routledge, p. 70
  36. [36]
    "Nationalist True Finns make gains in Finland vote". BBC News. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  37. [37]
    "Populist anti-immigration parties are performing strongly across northern Europe". The Economist. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  38. [38]
    "The True Finns followed a well-known recipe for success". The Guardian. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  39. [39]
    "Europe's far-right in steady crawl toward power". FOX News. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  40. [40]
    "José Manuel Barroso hits back at criticism from French minister". Financial Times. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  41. [41]
    "France's far-right steal votes from Hollande's left". Reuters. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  42. [42]
    "Greek 'Führer' vows to 'take back İzmir' after Istanbul". Hürriyet Daily News. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  43. [43]
    "Golden Dawn and Syriza clash over 'Heil Hitler' cries in Greek parliament". 17 May 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  44. [44]
    Smith, Helena (1 June 2013). "Golden Dawn: 'Greece belongs to Greeks. Long live victory!'". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  45. [45]
    "Aims & Objectives". www.fiannafail.ie. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  46. [46]
    "Fianna Fail | History, Policies, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  47. [47]
    Duffy, Rónán (6 February 2020). "Q+A: Here's where the parties stand on a united Ireland and holding a border poll". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  48. [48]
    November 30, Date:; Refuge, 2023-Last. "FINE GAEL – THE UNITED IRELAND PARTY". The Phoenix Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  49. [49]
    "Fine Gael | History, Policy, & Structure | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  50. [50]
    "Fine Gael". Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095818737. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  51. [51]
    Wolfram Nordsieck (2013). "Italy". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  52. [52]
    "Parties and Elections in Europe, "Latvia", The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck". Parties & Elections. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  53. [53]
    "Politisko partiju apvienība - LATVIEŠU NACIONĀLISTI (LN)". Latviešu Nacionālisti (in Latvian). Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  54. [54]
    Janusz Bugajski (1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 463–. ISBN 978-0-7656-1911-2.
  55. [55]
    "Key political Parties in Macedonia", Balkan Insight, 27 September 2012
  56. [56]
    Sabrina P. Ramet (18 February 2010). Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-88810-3.
  57. [57]
    Wolfram Nordsieck (2013). "Parties and Elections in Europe: Norway". parties-and-elections.eu. Parties and Elections in Europe.
  58. [58]
    "Norway – Political parties". Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  59. [59]
    Donnelly, Laura (23 July 2011). "Norway attacks: Anders Behring Breivik was active member of far-right party". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  60. [60]
    "Frp sier nei til EU for første gang". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). NTB. 4 September 2016.
  61. [61]
    "Rekordmåling for Senterpartiet: - Norsk nasjonalisme er en positiv kraft". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 9 February 2017.
  62. [62]
    "Norway – Political parties". Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  63. [63]
    Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010), Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared, Ashgate, p. 196
  64. [64]
    Nodsieck, Wolfram, "Poland", Parties and Elections in Europe, retrieved 28 March 2012
  65. [65]
    Myant et al (2008), p. 88
  66. [66]
    Szczerbiak, Aleks; Taggart, Paul A. (2008). Opposing Europe?. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-19-925830-7.
  67. [67]
    "Vladimir Zhirinovsky". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  68. [68]
    "Vladimir Zhirinovsky and the LDPR". Foreign Policy Journal. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  69. [69]
    New Slovak Government Embraces Ultra-Nationalists, Excludes Hungarian Coalition Party Archived 2011-01-05 at the Wayback Machine HRF Alert: "Hungarians are the cancer of the Slovak nation, without delay we need to remove them from the body of the nation." (Új Szó, 15 April 2005)
  70. [70]
    Auer, Stefan (2004). Liberal nationalism in Central Europe. Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 9780415314794. Miroslav Sladek in the Czech Republic and Jan Slota in Slovakia stand out as two leaders of extreme nationalist parties who...
  71. [71]
    Jeffries, Ian (2002). Eastern Europe at the turn of the twenty-first century. Routledge. p. 352. ISBN 9780415236713. Slovak National Party: led by Jan Slota. Extreme nationalist
  72. [72]
    P. Ramet, Sabrina (1997). Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 128. ISBN 9780847683246. ...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Ján Slota, mayor of Zilina...
  73. [73]
    "International Herald Tribune's article about Hungarian-Slovak relations". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  74. [74]
    "Official Results: Slovak Ultra-Nationalists Grab Seat In EU Vote". Nasdaq.com. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  75. [75]
    "European Roma Rights Centre". Errc.org. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  76. [76]
    "Slovakia's new rulers, strange bedfellows". Isn.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  77. [77]
    Kristina Mikulova's (Financial Times) article on the pages of CEPA Archived 20 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  78. [78]
    Rizman, Rudolf M. (1999), "Radical Right Politics in Slovenia", The radical right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989, Penn State Press, p. 152, ISBN 978-0271043791
  79. [79]
    "Parties and Elections in Europe". parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  80. [80]
    "Partiledningen vann strid om principprogrammet | SvD".
  81. [81]
    "Anti-Immigrant Party Rises in Sweden". New York Times. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  82. [82]
    "Why anti-EU Sweden Democrats care about European elections". The Local. 13 January 2014.
  83. [83]
    "Nazisters vapengömma sprängd | SvD".
  84. [84]
    Skenderovic 2009, p. 124: "... and prefers to use terms such as 'national-conservative' or 'conservative-right' in defining the SVP. In particular, 'national-conservative' has gained prominence among the definitions used in Swiss research on the SVP".
  85. [85]
    Geden 2006, p. 95.
  86. [86]
    Svante Ersson; Jan-Erik Lane (28 December 1998). Politics and Society in Western Europe. SAGE. pp. 108–. ISBN 978-0-7619-5862-8. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  87. [87]
    Aleks Szczerbiak; Paul Taggart (2008). Opposing Europe?: The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism: Volume 2: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-0-19-925835-2.
  88. [88]
    Alexandre Afonso. "What does the Swiss immigration vote mean for Britain and the European Union?". Political Studies Association.
  89. [89]
    Nordsieck, Wolfram, "Ukraine", Parties and Elections in Europe, retrieved 5 November 2012
  90. [90]
    "Svoboda Fuels Ukraine's Growing Anti-Semitism". Algemeiner Journal. 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  91. [91]
    Party of Democratic Action, SDA. "SDA won the general elections in Bosnia, nationalist on the top again!". klix.ba. Retrieved 16 October 2014.

Sources

Further reading
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article List_of_active_nationalist_parties_in_Europe, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.