List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Asia
This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.
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What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
See also: Balkhab uprising and Hazara nationalism
- Ethnic group: Uyghurs, Tajiks, Uzbeks and Turkic people
- Proposed state:
Southern Turkestan[4][5] - Militant organisations: Turkestan Freedom Tigers[6][7]
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
Territory of the short-lived 
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: greater autonomy within the borders of Azerbaijan[8]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile:
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[9]
Main article: Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict
- Ethnic group: Jumma people
- Proposed: Autonomy for the Chittagong Hill Tracts[10][11]
- Political parties: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, United People's Democratic Front
- Ethnic group: Kuki
- Proposed state:
Zale'n-gam - Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state:
Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)
- Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state:
Zogam - Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army[12]
- Proposed state:
Main article: Secession in China
See also: One country, two systems and Ethnic minorities in China
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- Ethnic group: Uyghurs
- Proposed state:
East Turkestan[13] - Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
- Militant organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
- Advocacy group: East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
- Proposed state:
Main articles: Hong Kong independence and Sino-British Joint Declaration
- Ethnic group: Han Chinese of Hong Kong
- Proposed state:
Hong Kong or reunification with the 
United Kingdom as an 
Overseas Territory - Political parties: Youngspiration, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party, Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence, Hong Kong Independence Party
- Proposed state:
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Main article: Tibetan independence movement
- Ethnic group: Tibetan people
- Proposed state:
Tibet (includes all of Xizang and parts of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan) - Government-in-exile: Central Tibetan Administration
- Advocacy groups: Tibetan Youth Congress, International Tibet Independence Movement[14][15][lower-alpha 1]
- Proposed state:
Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement
- Proposed state:
Inner Mongolia (member of the UNPO)[18] or unification with 
Mongolia
- Ethnic group: Mongols
- Political parties: Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance, Mongolian Liberal Union Party, Inner Mongolian People's Party
Minor movements
Shanghainese nationalism[19][20][21]
Cantonese nationalism,[22][23][24]
Bashu nationalism [25][26]- Hui pan-nationalism or Ningxia, proposed greater autonomy[27][28]
Manchukuo Government in exile
Fujian nationalism or American Hokkienese autonomy Association[29][30][31][32]- "Komland"/"Komeseland" (Jiangxi province)[33]
Main article: Russo-Georgian war
Territory of the former 
Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
- Ethnic group: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[34] (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former 
South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict
- Ethnic group: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[35] (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
Main article: Armenian nationalism
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed autonomous region:
Javakhk (Javakheti) - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[36][37][38]
- Proposed autonomous region:
Main articles: Separatist movements of India, Autonomous administrative divisions of India, Northeast India, Sikkim, and Proposed states and union territories of India
Further information: South Asian ethnic groups, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Punjab, Insurgency in Northeast India, and United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia
- Separatist movements
Main article: Assamese nationalism
- Proposed state: Assam
- Ethnic group: Assamese people
- Militant organizations:
United Liberation Front of Asom, 
Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam
Main article: Naga nationalism
- Proposed state:
Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland
- Proposed: independence or autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir from India or unification with
Pakistan
- Ethnic group: Kashmiri Muslims
- Political organizations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen
- Political parties (autonomy): Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference, Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
- Militant organizations:
Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen, 
Jaish-e-Mohammed, 
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Proposed state: Kamtapur or becoming a state of India
- Ethnic group: Rajbanshi people
- Political parties (statehood): Kamtapur People's Party
- Militant organization:
Kamtapur Liberation Organisation[42][43][44]
- Proposed state:
Manipur
- Ethnic groups: Meitei, Pangal, Naga
- Government-in-exile: Manipur State Council[47]
- Militant organizations:
United National Liberation Front, 
People's Liberation Army of Manipur, 
Kangleipak Communist Party, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak, Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup, Maoist Communist Party of Manipur
- Proposed state:
Kingdom of Sikkim - Ethnic group: Sikkimese people
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- Proposed state:
Khalistan[49]
- Ethnic group: Punjabi Sikhs
- Militant organizations: Babbar Khalsa, Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan, Khalistan Commando Force,
Khalistan Liberation Force, Khalistan Zindabad Force, ISYF, AISSF, International Sikh Youth Federation, Waris Punjab De
Main article: Insurgency in Meghalaya
- Proposed state: Meghalaya
- Ethnic groups: Khasi people, Pnar people
- Militant organization: Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
- Advocacy group:
Seng Khasi Movement
Tripuri-majority areas of Tripura
- Proposed state: Tipraland
- Ethnic group: Tripuri people
- Political parties:
Tipra Motha Party, Tipraland State Party, 
Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra - Militant organisation:
National Liberation Front of Tripura,[50] All Tripura Tiger Force
- Proposed state:
Mizoram[51][52] - Ethnic group: Mizo people
- Political parties: Mizo National Front, Zoram People's Movement, Hmar People's Convention
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Ethnic group:
Bnei Menashe[53] - Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Ethnic group:
- Proposed state:
Santhal Pargana[54]
- Ethnic group: Santal people
- Militant organisation: Birsa Commando Force[55][56][57]
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- Ethnic group:
Dimasa People[58]
- Proposed state: Dimasaland[59]
- Militant organisation: Dimasa National Liberation Army[60][61]
- Ethnic group: Tiwa people[62]
Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)
- Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army[12]
- Proposed state:
South India (includes Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Telangana)
- Ethnic groups: Dravidians (Telugus, Tamils, Kannadigas, Malayalis, Tuluvas)
- Proposed state: Republic of South India[68][69][70] or
Dravida Nadu[71] - Political party: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)[72]
- Proposed state: Republic of South India[68][69][70] or
- Autonomist or statehood movements
Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India
- State or extended autonomous area:
Rabha Hasong[73][74]
- Ethnic group: Rabha people
- Militant organizations: Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch, Rabha Vipers Army (RVA),[75] Rabha National Liberation Army,[76] Rabha Jatiya Mukti Bahini (RJMB)[77][78][79]
- Ethnic group: Indian Gorkhas
- Proposal: creation of a separate autonomous Gorkhaland state within India[80]
- Political movement:
Gorkhaland movement - Political parties:
Gorkha National Liberation Front, 
Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League, Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
- Ethnic group:
Garo people
- Proposal: making the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council into an autonomous state of India[85][86][87]
- Political party: Garo National Council
- Ethnic group: Bundelkhandi
- Proposal: making the region of Bundelkhand into a state of India[88]
- Political party: Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha
Main article: Vidarbha movement
- Ethnic group: Marathi people
- Proposal: separation of Vidarbha from the state of Maharashtra[89]
- Political party: Vidarbha Rajya Party, Vidarbha Vikas Party, Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti
- Ethnic group: Goans
- Proposed autonomous region: Goa[90]
- Political party: Niz Goenkar Revolution Front
- Ethnic group: Dogri people
- Proposal: separation of the
Jammu region from Jammu and Kashmir as a separate state within india[91] - Political party: Ikkjutt Jammu
- Proposal: separation of the
- Ethnic group: Bodo people
See also: Free Papua Movement, Republic of West Papua, Papuan unification, Ethnic groups in Indonesia, Great Timor, East Timor, and West Timor
- Ethnic group: Acehnese
- Proposed state:
Aceh - Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
- Advocacy Group: Aceh-Sumatra National Liberation Front (Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)[95][96][97]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Riau Malays
- Ethnic group: Minahasan
- Proposed state:
Greater Minahasa[103] - Advocacy group: Independent Minahasa Movement (Gerakan Minahasa Merdeka),[103] Greater Minahasa Alliance[104][105][106]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Moluccans
- Proposed state:
South Moluccas
- Government-in-exile: Republic of South Moluccas (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front
Main article: Separatism in Iran
Further information: Ethnicities in Iran, Ethnic minorities in Iran, Ethnic groups in the Middle East, and Demographics of Iran
- Ethnic group: Khuzestani Arabs
- Proposed state:
Al-Ahwaz[112] - Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation, Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups: Kurds
- Proposed state:
Kurdistan[113] - Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups: Iranian Azerbaijanis
- Proposed state:
South Azerbaijan[114][115][116] or unification with 
Azerbaijan - Advocacy group: South Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement,[117][118] Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization[119][120][121]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Balochs
- Proposed state:
Balochistan along with Balochistan, Pakistan[122][123] and Baloch majority territories in Afghanistan - Militant organisations: Jundallah (Historical),[124][125][126] Jaish ul-Adl (Currently Active)[127][128]
- Proposed state:
Further information: Minorities in Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
See also: Languages of Iraq, Demographics of Iraq, Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
Proposed state: 
Kurdistan
Main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017
- Ethnic group: Kurds
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Iraqi Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisation: Peshmerga
- Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains
- Ethnic group: Assyrians, Chaldeans, Arab Christians
- Proposed state:
Assyria - Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyrian Universal Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisation: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Assyrians, Chaldeans, Arab Christians
- Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region
Proposed state: Basra[129][130][131]
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region:
Basra Governorate
- Ethnic group: Iraqi Turkmen
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
Turkmeneli[133][134][135] - Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)[136]
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
- Ethnic group: Yazidis
- Proposal: autonomy for the Sinjar region, including the Sinjar Mountains
- Political parties:
Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress, Sinjar Alliance[137][138]
Main article: Israeli–Palestinian conflict
See also: Arab–Israeli conflict
West Bank and the Gaza Strip
- People: Palestinians
- De jure state:
Palestine (recognized by 138 UN member states)
- Proposal: re-unification with
Israel or recognition of Palestine - Political organization: Government of Palestine
- Militant organization: Palestinian National Security Forces, Palestine Liberation Army
- Proposal: re-unification with
- De jure state:
- Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Ryukyu or Ryukyu Kingdom[139] - Political parties: Kariyushi Club, formerly Ryūkyū Independence Party (琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu.
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Hmong people
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Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia, and Districts of Malaysia
Further information: North Borneo, Malaysia Agreement, 18-point agreement, 20-point agreement, Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, and Premier of Sarawak
- Ethnic groups: Chinese, (See Demographics of Sarawak)
- Proposed state:
Sarawak
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement[143][147][148]
- Political parties: Parti Bumi Kenyalang
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic groups: Chinese, (See Demographics of Sabah)
- Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[143][147]
Further information: Internal conflict in Myanmar
- Ethnic group: Rakhine
- Proposed state:
Arakan State - Advocacy groups: Arakan Independence Alliance, Arakan Army (Kachin State), Arakan Army (Kayin State)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Chin
- De Facto State: Chinland
[149] - Political Party: Chin National Front
- Militant organisation: Chin National Army (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnic group: Karen
- Proposed state: Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state: Kawthoolei
- Ethnic group: Karenni
- Proposed state: Kayah State
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Proposed state: Kayah State
- Ethnic group: Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese)
- Proposed state: Kokang
- Militant organisation: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
- Proposed state: Kokang
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Mon
- Proposed state: Mon State, Monland
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state: Mon State, Monland
- Ethnic group: Rohingya
- Proposed state: Rahmanland
- Militant organisation: Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army[150]
- Advocacy groups: Arakan Rohingya National Organisation,[151][152] Rohingya National Council[153]
- Proposed state: Rahmanland
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Shan Republic
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States[154]
- Proposed state: Shan Republic
- Proposed state:
Pa'O Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Pa'O
- Militant organisation: Pa-O National Liberation Army
- Proposed state:
Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Palaung
- Militant organisation: Palaung State Liberation Army
- Ethnic group: Wa
- Proposed/de facto State: Wa State
- Political party:
United Wa State Party - Militant organisation: United Wa State Army
- Proposed/de facto State: Wa State
- Ethnic group: Kuki
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army[12]
- Proposed state:
Main article: Naga nationalism
- Proposed state: Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland
Main article: Kachin conflict
- ethnic group: Kachin people
- proposed state:
Kachin state - militant organization: Kachin Independence Army
- proposed state:
Further information: Languages of Nepal
- Ethnic group: Kiratis
- Proposed state: Kirat
- Political party: Kirat Janabadi Workers Party
- Ethnic group: Madhesi peoples (including Maithils, Bhojpuris and Tharus).
- Proposed state:
Madhesh - Militant organisations: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF)[157]
- Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh[158] Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party,Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007),Terai Madhes Sadbhavana Party[159]
- Proposed state:
Main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan
Further information: Independence War of Bangladesh
See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan
- Proposed: secession of
Azad Kashmir from 
Pakistan[160][161]
- Ethnic groups: Kashmiri Muslims, Kashmiris
- Political party: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Proposed: autonomy for Gilgit-Baltistan
- Ethnic groups: Baltis, Shins
- Political party:
Balawaristan National Front (Naji)[162]
Further information: Insurgency in Balochistan
- Ethnic group: Balochs
- Proposed state: Balochistan along with Sistan and Baluchestan of Iran and some parts of Afghanistan[165]
- Political parties: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party, Free Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Nationalist Army,
- Proposed state:
Main article: Sindhi nationalism
Further information: Insurgency in Sindh
- Ethnic group: Sindhi
- Proposed state:
Sindhudesh - Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
- Student organization: Jeay Sindh Studdents' Federation
- Militant organization: Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Pashtun
- Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression
- Political party : Awami National Party, Taliban[168]
- Ethnic group: Muhajir
- Proposition: creation of a separate province for the Muhajirs
- Political Parties:
Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan,[169][170][171] Muttahida Qaumi Movement - London[172]
Main article: Separatism in the Philippines
Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula
- Ethnic groups: Moro (Tausūg, Banguingui, Sama-Bajau, Yakan)
- Proposed state/autonomous area: Bangsa Sūg[173][174]
Cordillera Administrative Region
- Ethnic group: Igorot
- Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous Region[175] or Autonomous Region of the Cordillera[176][177]
- Advocacy groups: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement,[178] Cordillera People's Liberation Army,[179][180] Cordillera Bodong Administration[181]
- Ethnic groups: Cebuano settlers and Hiligaynon settlers
Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.[184][185][186]
Main articles: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia, Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum, and Indigenous peoples of Siberia
Siberia or Siberian Federal District[187]
- Ethnic group: Russians, Siberians (Siberian peoples)
- Proposed state or federal subject:
Siberian Republic
- Militant organisation: Siberian Battalion of the Civic Council[188]
- Advocacy groups: Siberian regionalist groups,[189] Civil Council
- Militant organisation: Siberian Battalion of the Civic Council[188]
- Proposed state or federal subject:
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state:
Buryatia or unification with Mongolia[190]
- Advocacy groups: Free Buryatia Foundation
- Proposed state:
Ural Federal District[191][192]
- ethnic group: Russians
- proposed state:
Ural Republic[193][194] - political parties: Ural Republic Movement, Free Ural, The Ural Democratic foundation
- proposed state:
Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War
- Ethnic group: Sri Lankan Tamils
- Proposed state:
Tamil Eelam - Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam,[195][196][197]
People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam, etc. - Political parties: Tamil National Alliance, People's Front of Liberation Tigers
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[198][199]
- Advocacy groups: Global Tamil Forum, Tamil Youth Organisation, World Tamil Movement
- Proposed state:
Main article: Syrian Civil War
Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, and Federalization of Syria
See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria
De facto autonomous region:
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)
- Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
- Smaller ethnic groups: Armenians, Turkmen, Yazidis, Circassians
- Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
- Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces
Separatist movements:
- Ethnic group: Assyrians[200]
- Proposed state:
Assyria - Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
- Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
- Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe,
- Proposed state:
Autonomist movements:
Main article: Taiwan independence movement
The 
Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).[205]
- Proposed state:
Republic of Taiwan
- Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan five times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), in 2020 (until 2024), and in 2024 (until 2028). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as William Lai, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China". Some groups also exclude the Kinmen and Matsu Islands from their proposal.
- Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
- Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence
- Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Ethnic group: Native Taiwanese
- Proposed: autonomy for the indigenous peoples of Taiwan[206]
- Political party: Taiwan First Nations Party[207]
See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand
Main article: South Thailand insurgency
- Ethnic group: Patani Malays
- Proposed state:
Pattani Darul Makrif,[208] unification with 
Malaysia[209][210] - Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front, Runda Kumpulan Kecil, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
- Advocacy group: Pelajar Bangsa[211][212][213]
- Proposed state:
See also: Minorities in Turkey and Secession in Turkey
See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey
Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Turkish Kurdistan, Kurds in Turkey, Zazas, Kurds in Istanbul, Turkish nationalism, Turkish War of Independence, Greek genocide, Republic of Hatay, Western Armenia, Treaty of Sèvres, and Treaty of Lausanne
- Ethnic group: Kurds
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Militant organisations: Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Assyrians, Arab Christians
- Proposed state: Assyria
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
Main article: Zaza nationalism
- Ethnic group: Zazas
- Proposed state:
Zazaistan
- Political parties: Democracy Time Party[215]
- Advocacy groups: Federation of Zaza Associations
- Proposed state:
Main article: Uzbekification
See also: Languages of Uzbekistan and Demographics of Uzbekistan
- Ethnic group: Karakalpaks
- Proposed state:
Republic of Karakalpakstan - Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party[219](Activity[citation needed])
- Proposed state:
Quảng Bình province, Quảng Trị province, Thừa Thiên Huế province
- Ethnic group: Montagnard[220]
- Proposed: autonomy[221] for the
Montagnard - Political organisations:
Montagnard Foundation, Inc., United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races(Defunct), Montagnard Dega Association, Montagnard Human Rights Organization, United Montagnard People, M'Nong Bu-dang, Movement for the Unity of Ethnic Groups of South Viet-Nam[222]
- Proposed: autonomy[221] for the
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Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam
- Ethnic group: Khmer Krom[223][224]
- Proposed: Autonomy or Independence for the Khmer Krom
- Political party:
Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation, United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races(Defunct)
Further information: Southern Movement, Yemeni unification, Greater Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, North Yemen Civil War, Federation of South Arabia, South Yemen, and Aden Protectorate
South Yemen
- Proposed state: The Republic of South Arabia or Hadhramout Arab State or The Republic of South Yemen[225] [lower-alpha 2]
- De facto state: Southern Transitional Council[226][227][228]
- Political parties: Yemeni Socialist Party
- Proposed state:
Hadhramaut[229]- Ethnic group: Hadharem as well as Mehri and Soqotri
- Proposed state: Hadhramaut Arab State
- De facto state: Hadhramaut Region, Protectorate of South Arabia
- Political party: Hadhrami League, Hadramout National Council
- Proposed state:
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