List_of_galaxies

List of galaxies

List of galaxies

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The following is a list of notable galaxies.

This is a general list of galaxies. For more specific lists, see Lists of galaxies.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Size (left) and distance (right) of a few well-known galaxies put to scale

There are about 51 galaxies in the Local Group (see list of nearest galaxies for a complete list), on the order of 100,000 in the Local Supercluster, and an estimated 100 billion in all of the observable universe.[1]

The discovery of the nature of galaxies as distinct from other nebulae (interstellar clouds) was made in the 1920s. The first attempts at systematic catalogues of galaxies were made in the 1960s, with the Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies listing 29,418 galaxies and galaxy clusters, and with the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, a putatively complete list of galaxies with photographic magnitude above 15, listing 30,642. In the 1980s, the Lyons Groups of Galaxies listed 485 galaxy groups with 3,933 member galaxies. Galaxy Zoo is a project aiming at a more comprehensive list: launched in July 2007, it has classified over one million galaxy images from The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, The Hubble Space Telescope and the Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey.[2]

There is no universal naming convention for galaxies, as they are mostly catalogued before it is established whether the object is or is not a galaxy. Mostly they are identified by their celestial coordinates together with the name of the observing project (HUDF, SDSS, 3C, CFHQS, NGC/IC, etc.)

Named galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are well known by something other than an entry in a catalog or list, or a set of coordinates, or a systematic designation.

More information Image, Galaxy ...

Naked-eye galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are visible to the naked eye, for at the very least, keen-eyed observers in a very dark-sky environment that is high in altitude, during clear and stable weather.

More information Galaxy, Apparent Magnitude ...

Observational firsts

More information First, Galaxy ...

Prototypes

This is a list of galaxies that became prototypes for a class of galaxies.

More information Class, Galaxy ...

Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type

More information Title, Galaxy ...

Closest galaxies

See also: List of nearest galaxies
More information Rank, Galaxy ...
More information Title, Galaxy ...
More information Galaxy, Date ...

Most distant galaxies

See also: List of the most distant astronomical objects
More information Title, Galaxy ...
More information Galaxy, Date ...

Timeline notes

  • MACS0647-JD, discovered in 2012, with z=10.7, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.[115]
  • UDFy-38135539, discovered in 2009, with z=8.6, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed.[116] Follow-up observations have failed to replicate the cited redshift measurement.
  • A1689-zD1, discovered in 2008, with z=7.6, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
  • Abell 68 c1 and Abell 2219 c1, discovered in 2007, with z=9, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed.[117]
  • IOK4 and IOK5, discovered in 2007, with z=7, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
  • Abell 1835 IR1916, discovered in 2004, with z=10.0, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed. Some follow-up observations have failed to find the object at all.
  • STIS 123627+621755, discovered in 1999, with z=6.68, does not appear on this list because its redshift was based on an erroneous interpretation of an oxygen emission line as a hydrogen emission line.[118][119][120]
  • BR1202-0725 LAE, discovered in 1998 at z=5.64 does not appear on the list because it was not definitively pinned. BR1202-0725 (QSO 1202-07) refers to a quasar that the Lyman alpha emitting galaxy is near. The quasar itself lies at z=4.6947[71][74]
  • BR2237-0607 LA1 and BR2237-0607 LA2 were found at z=4.55 while investigating around the quasar BR2237-0607 in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The quasar itself lies at z=4.558[121][122]
  • Two absorption dropouts in the spectrum of quasar BR 1202-07 (QSO 1202-0725, BRI 1202-0725, BRI1202-07) were found, one in early 1996, another later in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The early one was at z=4.38, the later one at z=4.687, the quasar itself lies at z=4.695[70][123][124][125][126]
  • In 1986, a gravitationally lensed galaxy forming a blue arc was found lensed by galaxy cluster CL 2224-02 (C12224 in some references). However, its redshift was only determined in 1991, at z=2.237, by which time, it would no longer be the most distant galaxy known.[127][128]
  • An absorption drop was discovered in 1985 in the light spectrum of quasar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21 This does not appear on the list because it was not definitively fixed down. At the time, it was claimed to be the first non-QSO galaxy found beyond redshift 3. The quasar itself is at z=3.197[70][129]
  • In 1975, 3C 123 was incorrectly determined to lie at z=0.637 (actually z=0.218).[130][131]
  • From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe was held by a succession of quasars.[77] That list is available at list of quasars.
  • In 1958, clusters Cl 0024+1654 and Cl 1447+2619 were estimated to have redshifts of z=0.29 and z=0.35, respectively. However, no galaxy was spectroscopically determined.[93]

Galaxies by brightness and power

More information Title, Galaxy ...

Galaxies by mass and density

More information Title, Galaxy ...

Galaxies by size

See also: List of largest galaxies
More information Title, Galaxy ...

Field galaxies

Main article: Field galaxy
More information Galaxy, Data ...

A field galaxy is a galaxy that does not belong to a larger cluster of galaxies and hence is gravitationally alone.

Interacting galaxies

Main article: Interacting galaxy
More information Galaxies, Data ...
More information Galaxies, Data ...
More information Galaxies, Data ...

Galaxy mergers

More information Galaxies, Data ...
More information Galaxy, Data ...
More information Disintegrating Galaxy, Consuming Galaxy ...
More information Defunct Galaxy, Destroyer ...

Galaxies with some other notable feature

More information Galaxy name, Distance ...
Galaxies (left/top, right/bottom): NGC 7541, NGC 3021, NGC 5643, NGC 3254, NGC 3147, NGC 105, NGC 2608, NGC 3583, NGC 3147, MRK 1337, NGC 5861, NGC 2525, NGC 1015, UGC 9391, NGC 691, NGC 7678, NGC 2442, NGC 5468, NGC 5917, NGC 4639, NGC 3972, The Antennae Galaxies, NGC 5584, M106, NGC 7250, NGC 3370, NGC 5728, NGC 4424, NGC 1559, NGC 3982, NGC 1448, NGC 4680, M101, NGC 1365, NGC 7329, NGC 3447

See also

Lists of galaxies

Main article: Lists of galaxies

Notes

  1. Excluding the Sun. Using the formula for addition of apparent magnitudes, the added magnitudes of all stars in the Milky Way but the Sun (−6.50) and the Sun (−26.74) differs from the apparent magnitude of just the sun by less than 10^-8.[lower-alpha 5]
  2. z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.
  3. quasars and other AGN are not included on this list, since they are only galactic cores, unless the host galaxy was observed when it was most distant.
  4. antiquity – 1913 (based on redshift); antiquity – 1930 (based on Cepheids)
  5. "-log(100^(-x/5)+100^(-y/5))/log(100^(1/5))+26.74 where x=-26.74 and y=-6.5". WolframAlpha. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2013.

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