This article lists some notable people who were imprisoned at Theresienstadt Ghetto.

• Esther Adolphine, sister of Sigmund Freud (died 29 September 1942)
• Alice Archenhold and Hilde Archenhold, wife and daughter of astronomer Friedrich Simon Archenhold^[1]
• Eugen Burg, German film actor (died 17 April 1944)
• Paul Nikolaus Cossmann, editor of the conservative Süddeutsche Monatshefte (died 19 October 1942)
• Ludwig Chodziesner, German lawyer and father of poet Gertrud Kolmar (died February 1943)
• Ludwig Czech, chairman of the German Social Democratic Party in pre-war Czechoslovakia and former Czechoslovak minister of Social Care, Public Affairs and Public Health (died 20 August 1942)
• Robert Desnos, French Surrealist poet (died 8 June 1945)
• Oskar Fischer, physician (died of a heart attack on 28 February 1942)
• Alfred Flatow, German Olympic gymnast, 1896 Olympics gold medallist (died 28 December 1942)^[2]
• Gabriel Frankl (born in Pohořelice in 1861), father of Viktor Frankl (died 13 February 1943, from pneumonia and starvation).
• Gisela Januszewska, physician (died 2 March 1943)
• Rudolf Karel, Czech composer (died 6 March 1945)
• Emil Kolben, Czech industrialist (founder of ČKD), one of the founders of industrial use of electricity (died 3 September 1943)
• Clementine Krämer, writer and social worker (died 4 November 1942)
• Gretchen Metzger (née Guldmann), mother of Otto Metzger (died 28 February 1943)^[3]
• Friedrich Münzer, German classical scholar (died 20 October 1942)
• Margarethe "Trude" Neumann (born 1893), daughter of Theodor Herzl (died 1943)
• Auguste van Pels [de], German Jewish refugee who lived in the Secret Annex with Anne Frank. (It is believed that she died during an evacuation transport of prisoners from Raguhn, a subcamp of Buchenwald to Theresienstadt), (died April 1945)^[4]
• Georg Alexander Pick, Austrian mathematician, creator of Pick's theorem (died 26 July 1942 after two weeks' imprisonment)^[5]
• Ludwig Pick, German pathologist after whom Niemann-Pick disease and Lubarsch-Pick syndrome are named (died 3 February 1944)
• Samuel Schallinger, Austrian businessman, co-owner of the Imperial and the Bristol hotels in Vienna (died 1942)^[6]
• Margarete Schiff, daughter of psychotherapist Josef Breuer (died 9 September 1942)^{[citation needed]}
• Zikmund Schul, composer (died 2 June 1944)
• Amalie Seckbach [de] (née Buch), a noted painter and sculptor (died 10 August 1944)^[7]
• Mathilde Sussin, actress (died 2 August 1943)
• Alfred Tauber, Austrian and Slovak mathematician (died 26 July 1942)
• Ernestine Taube, mother of pianist/composer Artur Schnabel, remained in Vienna after the Anschluss and at the age of 83, in August 1942, was deported to Theresienstadt concentration camp, where she died two months later.
• Josefine Winter, daughter of Helene and Rudolf Auspitz

• H. G. Adler, German-speaking writer and scholar
• Karel Ančerl, Czech conductor
• Inge Auerbacher, author of 6 books (including three memoirs about her experiences in Terezin and recovering after the war), and the subject of a new play, The Star on My Heart (November 2015)
• Yehuda Bacon, Israeli artist
• Leo Baeck, German rabbi
• Aviva Bar-On has lived in Israel since 1949. She is known to have sung in 2018, during a concert celebrating Independence Day in Jerusalem, one of the poet Ilse Weber's songs that was transmitted to her orally and her memory was the only record.^[8]
• Elsa Bernstein, Austrian-German playwright
• Ilse Blumenthal-Weiss, German poet^[9]
• Ellen Burka, Dutch-Canadian figure skater and coach
• Bela Dekany, Hungarian Jewish-born renowned British violinist and leader of the BBC Symphony Orchestra
• Arthur Eichengrün, German chemist who invented anti-gonorrhoea drug Protargol
• Kurt Epstein, Czech Olympic water polo competitor
• Emil František Burian, Czech communist playwright, actor, composer and writer
• Viktor Frankl, Austrian neurologist and psychologist
• Jaro Fürth, Austrian actor
• Petr Ginz, Czech child prodigy writer, died in Auschwitz in 1944
• Richard Glazar and Karel Unger, they were subsequently transferred to Treblinka, from which they ultimately escaped
• Michael Gruenbaum, writer
• Alena Hájková, Czech historian and resistance fighter
• Alice Herz-Sommer, Czech pianist; the focus of the documentary The Lady in Number 6. Died at 110 years old on 23 February 2014, oldest known survivor of the Holocaust.^[10]
• Fredy Hirsch, deputy leader of the children at Theresienstadt, deported 8 September 1943 to Auschwitz and died 8 March 1944
• Milada Horáková, Czech politician
• Berthold Jeiteles, scientist, Talmudic scholar, and descendant of notable Prague family^[11]
• Ivan Klíma, Czech novelist
• Egon Lánský, Czech journalist and politician of Slovak origin
• Gidon Lev, Czech-born Israeli TikTok star and Holocaust educator
• Arnošt Lustig, Czech novelist
• Paul Mahrer, professional soccer player (died 1984)
• Ferdinand Münz (1888-1969), chemist. The inventor of EDTA.
• Oskar Neumann, Czech lawyer and former president of the Slovak Jewish Council^[12]
• Arnošt Reiser, professor of chemistry, author and inventor^[13]
• Zuzana Růžičková, Czech harpsichordist
• Jo Spier, illustrator
• Peter Spier, Author and illustrator of children's books
• Sam Swaap, Dutch violinist and conductor
• Emil Utitz, German-language academic
• Ronald Waterman^[14]
• Ela Weissberger, the Cat in Brundibár (performed in schools around the world in memory of the children who did not survive)