Reports regarding the longest recorded sniper kills that contain information regarding the shooting distance and the identity of the sniper have been presented to the general public since 1967.^{[citation needed]} Snipers have had a substantial history following the development of long distance weaponry. As weapons, ammunition, and aids to determine ballistic solutions improved, so too did the distance from which a kill could be targeted. In mid-2017 it was reported that an unnamed Canadian special forces operator, based in Iraq, had set a new record of 3,540 m (3,871 yd), beating the record previously held by an Australian sniper (also unnamed) at 2,815 m (3,079 yd).^[4] In November 2023, the record was once again broken by 58-year old sniper, Viacheslav Kovalskyi of the Security Service of Ukraine, who shot a Russian soldier from a distance of 3,800 m (4,156 yd) during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^{[5][6][7][8][9]}

Although optical equipment such as rangefinders and ballistic calculators have largely eliminated manual calculations to determine elevation and windage, the fundamentals of accurate and precise long-range shooting remain essentially the same since the early history of shooting, and the skill and training of the shooter, and the shooter's spotter where applicable, are the primary factors. Accuracy and precision of ammunition and firearms are also still reliant primarily on human factors and attention to detail in the complex process of producing maximum performance.^{[original research?]}

The modern method of long-distance sniping (shots over 1,100 m or 0.7 mi) requires intense training and practice. A sniper must have the ability to accurately estimate the various factors that influence a bullet's trajectory and point of impact, such as the shooter's distance from the target, wind direction, wind speed, air density, elevation, and even the Coriolis effect. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can cause a shot to only injure, or to miss completely.^[10] Any given combination of firearm and ammunition will have an associated value, known as the circular error probable (CEP), defined as the radius of a circle whose boundary is expected to contain the impact points of half of the rounds fired.^[11]

If the shooter wishes to improve accuracy, increase range, or both, the accuracy of estimates of external factors must improve accordingly. At extreme ranges, highly accurate estimates are required and even with the most accurate estimates, hitting the target becomes subject to uncontrollable factors. For example, a rifle capable of firing a ½ or 0.5 MOA (approximately 0.5 inch center to center of the two holes furthest apart) 5-round group (often referred to as "grouping") at 100 yards will theoretically fire a 12.5 inch group at 2,500 yards (0.5 × 2,500/100 = 12.5). Unless the group is centered perfectly on the target at 100 yards, the 2,500-yard group will be centered 25 times the off-center error at 100 yards. This example ignores all other factors and assumes no-wind shooting conditions, identical muzzle velocities, and identical ballistic performance for each shot.^{[citation needed]}

Devices such as laser rangefinders, handheld meteorological measuring equipment, handheld computers, and ballistic-prediction software can contribute to increased accuracy (i.e. reduced CEP), although they rely on proper use and training to realize any advantages. In addition, as instruments of measure, they are subject to accuracy errors and malfunction. Handheld meteorological instruments only measure conditions at the location they are used. Wind direction and speed can vary dramatically along the path of the bullet.^{[citation needed]}

The science of long-range sniping came to fruition in the Vietnam War. US Marine Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock held the record from 1967 to 2002 at 2,286 m (2,500 yd).^[12] He recorded 93 official kills.^{[citation needed]} After returning to the US, Hathcock helped to establish the Marine Corps Scout Sniper School at Quantico, Virginia.^[13]

In addition to his success as a USMC scout-sniper during multiple deployments to Vietnam, Hathcock competed in multiple USMC shooting teams. Hathcock also won the 1966 Wimbledon Cup, which is earned by the winner of the US 1,000-yard high-powered rifle National Championship. Even after being severely burned during an attack on an Amtrac on which he was riding in his efforts to rescue other soldiers, which earned him a Silver Star, and after being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, Hathcock continued to serve, shoot and instruct. In Vietnam, Hathcock also completed missions involving a "through the scope" shot which killed an enemy sniper specifically hunting him, and a multiple-day solo stalk and kill of an enemy general.^[19]

Hathcock's record stood until Canadian sniper Arron Perry of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry exceeded it with a shot of 2,310 m (2,530 yd). Perry held the title for only a few days, as another man in his unit, Corporal Rob Furlong, beat Perry's distance with a 2,430 m (2,657 yd) shot in March 2002. Perry and Furlong were part of a six-man sniper team during 2002's Operation Anaconda, part of the War in Afghanistan.^[3]

Corporal Furlong's record was bested by a British soldier, Corporal of Horse Craig Harrison, of the Blues and Royals, Household Cavalry, who recorded two consecutive 2,475 m (2,707 yd) shots (confirmed by GPS) in November 2009, also during the War in Afghanistan, in which he hit two Taliban insurgents consecutively.^[20] Harrison killed the two Taliban machine gunners with shots that took the 8.59 mm (0.338 inch) rounds almost five seconds to hit their targets, which were 900 m (980 yd) beyond the L115A3 sniper rifle's recommended range. A third shot took out the insurgents' machine gun. The rifle used was made by Accuracy International.^[21]

In June 2017, an unnamed sniper from Canada's Tier 1 special forces unit, Joint Task Force 2, surpassed the 2009 record by over 1,000 m (1,100 yd), with a 3,540 m (3,871 yd) shot in the Iraqi Civil War. As with the previous two Canadian records, a McMillan TAC-50 with .50 BMG ammunition was used.^[1][2]

In November 2023, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, an unnamed special agent with the Security Service of Ukraine, surpassed the previous world record by shooting a Russian soldier from a distance of 3,800 meters (2.36 miles). The sniper used a Ukrainian-made, multi-caliber anti-materiel sniper rifle named Volodar Obriyu (Horizon's Lord [uk]). The ammunition used was a newly developed .50 caliber round named 12.7×114 mm HL, which was made by necking down a 14.5×114 mm case.^{[5][6][7][8][9]}

This list is not exhaustive, as such data is generally not tracked nor managed under any official procedure. For example, the 2002 Canadian Army sniper team that saw two soldiers set consecutive new records (Arron Perry at 2,310 m (2,526 yd) and Rob Furlong at 2,430 m (2,657 yd)), also made a number of kills at 1,500 m (1,600 yd) that are not counted here.^[22] The list also shows that, in some cases, an armed force command may choose to withhold the name of the sniper for security reasons.

More information Rank, Sniper ...

Rank	Sniper	Date	Distance	Weapon	Ammunition	Nationality	Military unit	Conflict	References
1	Viacheslav Kovalskyi	November 2023	3,800 m (4,156 yd)	Horizon's Lord [uk]	12.7×114mm HL wildcat	Ukraine	Special Group "Alpha", Security Service of Ukraine	Russian invasion of Ukraine	[5][6][7][8][9]
2	JTF 2 sniper (name withheld)	May 2017	3,540 m (3,871 yd)	McMillan TAC-50	.50 BMG	Canada	Joint Task Force 2, CANSOFCOM, Canadian Armed Forces	War in Iraq	[1][2]
3	2 Cdo Regt sniper (name withheld)	April 2012	2,815 m (3,079 yd)	Barrett M82A1	.50 BMG (Raufoss Mk 211)	Australia	2nd Commando Regiment, SOCOMD, Australian Defence Force	War in Afghanistan	[23]
4	Ukrainian National Guard sniper (name withheld)	November 2022	2,710 m (2,964 yd)	XADO Snipex Alligator	14.5×114mm	Ukraine	Ukrainian National Guard, Ministry of Internal Affairs	Russian invasion of Ukraine	[24][25]
5	Corporal of Horse Craig Harrison	November 2009	2,475 m (2,707 yd)	Accuracy International L115A3	.338 Lapua Magnum (LockBase B408)	United Kingdom	Blues and Royals, Household Cavalry, British Army	War in Afghanistan	[20]
6	Corporal Rob Furlong	March 2002	2,430 m (2,657 yd)	McMillan TAC-50	.50 BMG	Canada	3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, Canadian Armed Forces	War in Afghanistan	[22][3]
7	Master Corporal Arron Perry	March 2002	2,310 m (2,526 yd)	McMillan TAC-50	.50 BMG	Canada	3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, Canadian Armed Forces	War in Afghanistan	[22][3]
8	Sergeant Brian Kremer	October 2004	2,300 m (2,515 yd)	Barrett M82A1	.50 BMG (Raufoss Mk 211)	United States	2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, United States Army	Iraq War	[26][27]
9	Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock	February 1967	2,286 m (2,500 yd)	M2 Browning machine gun	.50 BMG[A 1]	United States	7th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division, United States Marine Corps	Vietnam War	[28][12]
10	South African Special Forces sniper (name withheld)	August 2013	2,125 m (2,324 yd)	Denel NTW-14.5	14.5×114mm	South Africa	South African Special Forces Brigade, Joint Operations Division, SANDF	MONUSCO	[29][30][31]
11	Specialist Nicholas Ranstad	January 2008	2,092 m (2,288 yd)	Barrett M82A1	.50 BMG	United States	1st Squadron, 91st Cavalry Regiment, United States Army	War in Afghanistan	[32][33][34][35]
12	Chief Petty Officer Chris Kyle	August 2008	1,920 m (2,100 yd)	McMillan TAC-338	.338 Lapua Magnum	United States	SEAL Team 3, US Naval Special Warfare Command, United States Navy	Iraq War	[36][37]
13	Corporal Christopher Reynolds	August 2009	1,853 m (2,026 yd)	Accuracy International L115A3	.338 Lapua Magnum (LockBase B408)	United Kingdom	The Black Watch (3 SCOT), Royal Regiment of Scotland, British Army	War in Afghanistan	[38]
14	Saudi Army sniper (name withheld)	January 2016	1,700 m (1,859 yd)	PGW Defence Technology LRT-3	.50 BMG	Saudi Arabia	Royal Saudi Land Forces, Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia	Yemeni Civil War	[39]
15	Staff Sergeant Steve Reichert	April 2004	1,614 m (1,765 yd)	Barrett M82A3	.50 BMG (Raufoss Mk 211)	United States	2nd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment, United States Marine Corps	Iraq War	[40]
16	Billy Dixon	June 1874	1,406 m (1,538 yd)	Sharps .50-90	.50-90 Sharps	United States	Civilian	American Indian Wars	[41]
17	Norwegian Army sniper (name withheld)	November 2007	1,380 m (1,509 yd)	Barrett M82A1	.50 BMG (Raufoss Mk 211)	Norway	2nd Battalion, Norwegian Army	War in Afghanistan	[42]
18	Sergeant First Class Brandon McGuire	April 2007	1,310 m (1,433 yd)	Barrett M82A1 (M107)	.50 BMG (Raufoss Mk 211)	United States	3rd Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment, United States Army	Iraq War	[43]
19	Sergeant Major Herbert Sleigh	February 1918	1,280 m (1,400 yd)	M1903 Springfield	.30-06 Springfield	United States	American Expeditionary Forces, United States Army	World War I	[44]
20	Confederate Army sniper (name unknown)	December 1864	1,271 m (1,390 yd)	Whitworth rifle	.451 caliber hexagonal bullet[A 2]	United States[A 3]	South Carolina Troops, Confederate States Army	American Civil War	[46]
21	Staff Sergeant Jim Gilliland	September 2005	1,250 m (1,367 yd)	M24 Sniper Weapon System	7.62×51mm NATO	United States	2nd Battalion, 69th Armor Regiment, United States Army	Iraq War	[47]

Close

Notes

• List of snipers
• History of sniping
• Long range shooting
• Adelbert Waldron, an American sniper with the highest number of confirmed kills for an American sniper (109) during the Vietnam War ^[48]
• Francis Pegahmagabow, a Canadian sniper with 378 confirmed kills, the highest in World War I^[49]
• Ivan Sidorenko, a Soviet sniper during World War II, with 500 confirmed kills.^[50]
• Lyudmila Pavlichenko, a Soviet sniper during World War II, credited with 309 kills, and regarded as the most successful female sniper in history
• Simo Häyhä, a Finnish sniper who, using a standard iron-sighted bolt-action rifle, recorded over 500 confirmed kills, the highest number of confirmed kills in any major war ^[51]
• Vasily Zaytsev, a Soviet sniper who amassed 225 kills during the Battle of Stalingrad^[52]