Open-mid_front_compressed_vowel

Open-mid front rounded vowel

Open-mid front rounded vowel

Vowel sound represented by ⟨œ⟩ in IPA

The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨œ⟩. The symbol œ is a lowercase ligature of the letters o and e. The letter ⟨ɶ⟩, a small capital version of the ⟨Œ⟩ ligature, is used for a different vowel sound: the open front rounded vowel.

Quick Facts œ, IPA Number ...
More information IPA: Vowels, Front ...
Spectrogram of œ

Open-mid front compressed vowel

The open-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨œ⟩, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated IPA diacritic for compression. However, the compression of the lips can be shown by the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɛ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɛ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɛᵝ⟩ ([ɛ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨œ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Features

  • Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.

More information Language, Word ...

Open-mid front protruded vowel

Quick Facts œ̫, œʷ ...

Catford notes[full citation needed] that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One Scandinavian language, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨œʷ⟩ or ⟨ɛʷ⟩ (an open-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but it could be misread as a diphthong.

Acoustically, the sound is "between" the more typical compressed open-mid front vowel [œ] and the unrounded open-mid front vowel [ɛ].

Features

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

Notes

  1. [1]
    While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. [2]
    García, Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena (2015-09-01). "Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana (in undetermined language). 14 (14). ISSN 2341-1147.
  3. [3]
    Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. [4]
    Rowley (1990), p. 422.
  5. [5]
    Ternes (1992), p. 433.
  6. [6]
    Ternes (1992), pp. 431, 433.
  7. [7]
    Viljoen (2013), p. 50.
  8. [8]
    Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  9. [9]
    Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
  10. [10]
    Collins & Mees (2003), p. 137.
  11. [11]
    van de Velde & van Hout (2002).
  12. [12]
    Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  13. [13]
    Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 135–136.
  14. [14]
    Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 188.
  15. [15]
    Bauer & Warren (2004), pp. 582, 591.
  16. [16]
    Wells (1982), p. 607.
  17. [17]
    Cruttenden (2014), pp. 118, 138.
  18. [18]
    Penhallurick (2004), p. 104.
  19. [19]
    Wells (1982), p. 381.
  20. [20]
    Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  21. [21]
    Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  22. [22]
    Lass (2002), p. 118.
  23. [23]
    Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  24. [24]
    Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  25. [25]
    Freixeiro Mato, X. Ramón. (2006). Gramática da lingua galega (2. ed.). [Vigo, Spain]: Edicions A Nosa Terra. ISBN 84-8341-060-5. OCLC 213259857.
  26. [26]
    Hall (2003), pp. 97, 107.
  27. [27]
    Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  28. [28]
    Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  29. [29]
    Peters (2006), p. 119.
  30. [30]
    Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  31. [31]
    Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  32. [32]
    Prehn (2012), p. 157.
  33. [33]
    Schaeffer & Meireles (2014), p. 51.
  34. [34]
    Fort (2001), p. 411.
  35. [35]
    Peters (2017), p. ?.
  36. [36]
    van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
  37. [37]
    Hoekstra (2001), p. 83.
  38. [38]
    Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
  39. [39]
    Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
  40. [40]
    Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  41. [41]
    Eliasson (1986), p. 273.
  42. [42]
    Thorén & Petterson (1992), pp. 13–14.
  43. [43]
    Riad (2014), p. 38.

References
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This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Open-mid_front_compressed_vowel, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.