Reichenau_Glossary

Reichenau Glossary

Reichenau Glossary

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The Reichenau Glossary is a collection of Latin glosses likely compiled in the 8th century in northern France to assist local clergy in understanding certain words or expressions found in the Vulgate Bible.[1]

Background

Over the centuries Jerome’s translation of the Bible (c. 382–405) became more difficult to read for novice clergy as a result of the various grammatical, lexical, and phonological changes that Latin was experiencing in the course of its evolution into Romance. To facilitate interpretation, scribes would put together glossaries or collected explanations of words or phrases found in the Vulgate.[2] The words used as glosses tended to be those that were destined to survive in Romance,[3] whilst the words that needed glossing generally were not.[lower-roman 1]

What we now know as the Reichenau Glossary was compiled circa the eighth century at the Abbey of Corbie in Picardy. From there it eventually found its way to the Abbey of Reichenau, in southern Germany, where it was found in 1863 by the philologist Adolf Hotzmann.[4]

Selected entries

More information Term found in Vulgate, Meaning ...

See also

Notes

  1. Read: abeo.
  2. Read: abietarii.
  3. Read: absinthio.
  4. Read: aeramen.
  5. Read: siluaticus porcus.
  6. Read: calumniam.
  7. Read: castro.
  8. Read: caementarii.
  9. Read: caementariis.
  10. Read: caesis.
  11. Read: cliuum.
  12. Read: collyridam.
  13. Read: crabrones.
  14. Read: cribro.
  15. Read: minata.
  16. Read: pharetra.
  17. Read: cingulum.
  18. Read: sufflare.
  19. Read: plangitur.
  20. Read: furentur.
  21. Read: habenas.
  22. Read: harundine.
  23. Read: hebetatum.
  24. Read: hyacinthinas.
  1. Read: labrum.
  2. Read: concha.
  3. Read: tegularum.
  4. Read: caldaria.
  5. Read: laeua.
  6. Read: faecis.
  7. Read: praestare.
  8. Read: papula.
  9. Read: uesica.
  10. Read: perhibet.
  11. Read: polenta.
  12. Read: iuncturae geniculorum.
  13. Read: malus clauus.
  14. Read: linteolo.
  15. Read: sortilegus.
  16. Read: fimus.
  17. Read: taedet.
  18. Read: tero.
  19. Read: theristrum.
  20. Read: thorax.
  21. Read: transtrum.
  22. Read: thuribulum.
  23. Read: turmas.
  24. Read: caluas sorices.
  1. Nevertheless, the latter sometimes do survive in other branches of Romance- or even in French itself but with altered meanings.
  2. Clearly borrowed words are not counted as descendants. This excludes, for instance, the Italian words formaggio 'cheese' and pallio 'cloak', which were taken from Old French and Latin respectively.

    List of abbreviations:

    PR. — Proto-Romance
    Pic. — Picard
    Wal. — Walloon
    Fr. — French (central)
    Lim. — Limousin
    Prv. — Provençal
    Gsc. — Gascon
    OOcc. — Old Occitan
    Occ. — Occitan (central)
    OCat. — Old Catalan
    Cat. — Catalan (central)
    Rib. — Ribagorçan
    Ara. — Aragonese (northern)
    OSp. — Old Spanish
    Sp. — Spanish (central)
    Ast. — Asturian
    Glc. — Galician
    OPt. — Old Portuguese
    Pt. — Portuguese (central)
    Lig. — Ligurian
    Pie. — Piedmontese
    Lmb. — Lombard (Milanese)
    Rms. — Romansh
    Lad. — Ladin
    Vnz. — Venetian
    Frl. — Friulan
    Vgl. — Vegliote
    Tsc. — Tuscan
    OIt. — Old Italian
    It. — Italian
    Nap. — Neapolitan
    Sic. — Sicilian
    Srd. — Sardinian (Nuorese)
    Ro. — Romanian
    ARo. — Aromanian
    IRo. — Istro-Romanian
  3. With the additional prefix con-. Note that abs- is simply a variant of ab-.
  4. Conceivably a direct descendant of the original CL participle absconditus.
  5. The [i̯s] ending is of uncertain origin. It may have been taken from *trasjo < Classical Latin transeo 'I cross' (Pope 1934: 362). The resulting *vau̯sjo would then yield vois by regular developments.
  6. Old Spanish had the expected form [βo]. The origin of the later [i̯] is debated. It may either reflect OSp. y 'there' or be the result of contamination from the following pronoun in the phrase vo-yo 'I go' (Lloyd 1987: 355–358).
  7. Compounded with /ˈpɔɾku/ 'pig'.
  8. /s/ is a remnant of the Latin prefix ex- (Dexonline: "schimb").
  9. Initial consonant probably taken from Latin perdix, 'partridge' (Dexonline: "potârniche").
  10. In the Sursilvan dialect, masculine singular -s survives as a predicative ending in adjectives. E.g. il paun ei cars 'the bread is expensive' (Loporcaro 2018: 76–77).
  11. With an early change in suffix from -ia to -ía (Malkiel 1944: 108).
  12. Nasalization possibly by contamination with não (=Lat. non), meaning 'no' (Williams 1962: 108).
  13. Still refers to a measure of land in some dialects (TLFi: "journal").
  14. Alteration of the Latin [sɪnɪstra] by analogy with [dɛkstra] 'right' (Lausberg 1970: §139).
  15. Word-initial /m/ often nasalizes a following vowel in modern Portuguese (Williams 1962: 62).
  16. Nasalization came from an /n/ that was added in Middle French under the influence of CL monstrare (TLFi: "montrer").
  17. The substitution of /p/ for intervocalic /v/ may be a phonoaesthetic change inspired by onomatopoeia for the flapping of a butterfly's wings (TLFi: "papillon").
  18. Was a homophone for 'key' (=Lat. clavem) in Old Occitan (Levy 1923: 78), a problem that was eventually solved by substituting the diminutive [klaβɛ́l] as the term for 'nail'.
  1. A verb based on the noun biastemmia, from Latin blasphemia. The modern form of the verb, bestemmiare, was possibly influenced by bestia 'animal' (Treccani: "bestemmiare").
  2. Towards the thirteen century, the initial vowel of this verb could be either [a] or [ɛ] depending on stress. Consider the following examples:
    Pr. /ˈamat/ 'he loves' > OFr. /ˈai̯məθ/ > /ˈɛmə/
    Pr. /aˈmata/ 'beloved' > OFr. /aˈme:ðə/ > /aˈmeə/
    Subsequently /ɛ/ spread to all conjugations, resulting in modern French /ɛme/ 'beloved' instead of */ame/ (Akire & Rosen 2010: 115).
  3. It did, however, mean 'sword' in Old Franco-Provençal (TLFi: "glaive").
  4. Modern despojaron via substitution of the prefix.
  5. In Modern Italian redine has been reinterpreted as a singular noun (albeit still feminine) with a new analogical plural redini (Treccani: "redine").
  6. A compound based on iecor + -aria, originally an adjective-forming suffix but here serving merely as an extender.
  7. Modern chiodo appears to have been influenced by words like chiudere 'shut'.
  8. Feminine form of the adjective, found spelled as sode. The masculine form *sot is unattested.
  9. Today found only in the expression de sobte.
  10. There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
  11. There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
  12. The reason for the initial consonant devoicing to /f/ is unclear.
  13. The expected outcome would have been /ʁɛm/. The modern form appears to have taken its initial vowel from the original diminutive rameau, where the /a/ was unstressed and hence did not change to /ɛ/ (TLFi: "rame").
  14. Modern Italian nuotare, with the extension of the /wɔ/ diphthong from rhizotonic conjugations such as nuoto to all other forms of the verb.[27]
  15. Diminutive of ueru. Geminate r taken from ferru(m) 'iron' (Malkiel 1983: 474).
  16. Back-formation from OFr. plural /veˈrus/ < earlier /veˈruʎts/ (TLFi: "verrou"). The expected outcome of the singular /veˈroʎ/ would have been */vɛʁuj/, cf. fenouil < *fenúclu.
  17. Old Portuguese had the expected form /veˈroʎo/, which later acquired an initial /f/ by analogy with ferro 'iron'. (This happened to the Provençal and Catalan cognates as well.) Similarly, Old Spanish had /βeˈroʒo/, which later acquired the initial consonant of cerrar, meaning 'shut' (Malkiel 1983: 474).

References

  1. [1]
    Engels 1968
  2. [2]
    Elcock 1960: 311–312
  3. [3]
    Alkire & Rosen 2010: 319
  4. [4]
    Quiros 1986: 43
  5. [5]
    Adams 2008: 333
  6. [6]
    Pei 1941: 150.
  7. [7]
    Marchot 1901: 75
  8. [8]
    Alkire & Rosen: 62–63
  9. [9]
    TLFi: "viande"
  10. [10]
    Adams 2007: 611
  11. [11]
    Rossi 2004: 144
  12. [12]
    A prominent phenomenon in spoken Latin, as pointed out by Grandgent (1907: §292). Cf. the form criblare.
  13. [13]
    Levy 1923: 26
  14. [14]
    Levy 1923: 137
  15. [15]
    Alkire & Rosen: 176–177
  16. [16]
    Adams 2007: 315
  17. [17]
    Posner 1996: 14
  18. [18]
    Grandgent 1907: 21–22
  19. [19]
    Elcock 1960: 71
  20. [20]
    Levy 1923: 45
  21. [21]
    Levy 1923: 370
  22. [22]
    Levy 1923: 173
  23. [23]
    Andersen & Rochet 1979: 267
  24. [24]
    Jensen 1986: 3
  25. [25]
    Alkire & Rosen 2010: 320
  26. [26]
    Alkire & Rosen 2010: 320
  27. [27]
    Alkire & Rosen 2010: 113
  28. [28]
    TLFi: "darne"
  29. [29]
    Levy 1923: 6

Sources

General
  • Adams, James Noel (2007). The regional diversification of Latin, 200BC - AD 600. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88149-4.
  • Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010). Romance languages: A historical introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88915-5.
  • Anderson, James Maxwell; Rochet, Bernard (1979). Historical Romance Morphology. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. ISBN 978-0835704625.
  • Diez, Friedrich Christian (1870). Anciens glossaires romans corrigés et expliqués. Translated by Bauer, Alfred. Paris. OCLC 4070810.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Elcock, William Dennis (1960). The Romance languages. London: Faber and Faber.
  • Engels, J. (1968). "Les 'Gloses de Reichenau' réédités". Neophilologus. 52: 378–386. doi:10.1007/BF01515488. S2CID 163995291.
  • Hall, Robert Anderson (1981). Proto-Romance morphology. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Jensen, Frede (1972). From Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Jensen, Frede (1986). The syntax of medieval Occitan. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
  • Jensen, Frede (1990). Old French and comparative Gallo-Romance syntax. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
  • Lausberg, Heinrich (1970). Lingüística románica. Vol. I: Fonética. Madrid: Gredos.
  • Levy, Emil (1923). Petit dictionnaire provençal-français. Heidelberg: Winter.
  • Lloyd, Paul M. (1987). From Latin to Spanish. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
  • Loporcaro, Michele (2018). Gender from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press.
  • Malkiel, Yakov (1944). "The etymology of Portuguese iguaria". Language. 20 (3): 108–130. doi:10.2307/410151. JSTOR 410151.
  • Malkiel, Yakov (1983). From particular to general linguistics: Selected essays 1965–1978. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911). Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: C. Winter.
  • Marchot, Paul (1901). Petite phonétique du français prélittéraire: VIe–Xe siècles. Fribourg: B. Veith.
  • Pei, Mario (1941). The Italian language. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Pope, Mildred K. (1934). From Latin to French, with especial consideration of Anglo-Norman. Manchester University Press.
  • Posner, Rebecca (1996). The Romance languages. Cambridge University Press.
  • Quirós, Manuel (1986). "Las glosas de Reichenau". Filología y Lingüística. 12: 43–50.
  • Rossi, Mario (2004). Dictionnaire étymologique et ethnologique des parlers brionnais. Paris: Publibook.
  • Williams, Edwin Bucher (1962). From Latin to Portuguese. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Online etymological dictionaries
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