Ship_Characteristics_Board

Ship Characteristics Board

Ship Characteristics Board

US Navy unit tasked with coordinating ship design

The Ship Characteristics Board was a unit of the United States Navy.

Project SCB 1 result: the USS Norfolk (CLK-1/DL-1)

The purpose of the Ship Characteristics Board was to coordinate the creation of 'ship characteristics' that are essential to the design of naval combatants and auxiliaries. Coordination was required because the operators and the designers of ships had different interests, perceptions, concepts, and constraints: as summarized by the naval historian Norman Friedman, "How to achieve the best possible compromise among competing bureaus has been one of the great dilemmas of 20th-century U.S. naval administration."[1]

This list of SCB projects is a useful exposition of the U.S. Navy's shipbuilding priorities in the first half of the Cold War.

History

The Ship Characteristics Board was founded in 1945 under the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations / OpNav. It was created after the body previously responsible for coordinating ships characteristics, the General Board, had been seen as ineffective in a series of earlier Navy bureau miscoordinations.[2][3] The SCB would adjudicate between operational requirements set by the ship operators (the fleets and other operational forces) and the technological and fiscal constraints imposed on the ship designers (the Bureau of Ships / BuShips and the Bureau of Ordnance / BuOrd).

The SCB had nowhere near the same stature as its predecessor [the General Board], since in effect it was separated from the policy- and strategy-planning process. It was far more concerned with the details of design, and included representatives of all the bureaus, who had equal votes. Participants in SCB meetings recall cases in which the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery cast the decisive vote on weapons systems choices. From the surviving records it is not entirely clear who within OpNav worked up the lists of projects on which the SCB worked, at least at first. For a time that was both very important, given the poverty of the [post-World War Two] shipbuilding program and the lack of any integrated U.S. concept of future warfare.[4]

The SCB assigned numbers to its projects beginning in 1946. Not all projects would result in the construction of ships: some projects would remain conceptual only, or would be superseded by later projects.

In 1966 the successors to BuShips and BuOrd (NAVSHIPS and NAVORD) were moved to report to OpNav. The SCB role as an adjudicator became less relevant.[5] During the development of the Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates it was renamed the Ship Acquisition and Improvement Board (SAIB).[6] In the 1980s it was revived as the Ship Characteristics Improvement Board (SCIB), but without its former authority.[7]

USS Thresher loss

Thresher, the first result of project SCB 188, at sea on 24 July 1961

A decision by the SCB likely contributed to the 1963 loss of the nuclear submarine Thresher. The SCB had ordered BuShips to study increasing the test depth for future submarines from 700 to 1,600 feet, and this increase was approved after November 1956. Thresher's components were too far along in design to accommodate this change, but it was decided that they could be modified to enable a test depth of 1,300 feet. The irony is that the SCB's motives for this change were to enhance safety: not only to support greater combat survivability, but also out of a concern that the increased speed of nuclear submarines could cause them to inadvertently exceed the more shallow test depths while maneuvering.[8]

List of SCB projects

Review of the following lists of SCB projects will show:

  • SCB projects which are 'follow on' to earlier projects may be given a new number, or may reuse an earlier number with an appended letter. For example, a project to develop a new Landing Craft Utility (LCU) was begun in 1946 as SCB 25, follow on LCU projects include SCB 25A (unknown date), SCB 149 (August 1954), and SCB 149B (March 1962). Note the eight-year gap between SCB 149 and SCB 149B.
  • The start date of an SCB project can be several years before it became a budget line item or an actual ship construction. SCB 157 began in July 1955 as a study for a new amphibious assault helicopter carrier, but a resultant ship (the future Iwo Jima) was not laid down until 2 April 1959. An even more extreme example is SCB 123, which began in 1954, but which saw last ship reconstruction delayed until 1966.
  • Close examination of SCB projects will occasionally demonstrate that ship design history is more complicated than first appearances show. For example, the George Washington class of fleet ballistic missile submarines was the first such class to be launched. However, the history of SCB 180 shows that the Ethan Allen class was the first to be designed, and the George Washington class was a subsequent design made for a quickly implemented mobilization effort.
  • The budgetary pressures of the Vietnam War, including war driven inflation, are demonstrated in the cancellation of SCB projects 003.68 and 101.68, and the partial cancellation of SCB 002 (the age of the ships was also a factor).

All ship hull classification symbols shown (CLK, SS, DL, CVA, DE, etc.) are the symbols in use at the conception of the project, rather than when construction started. Explanations of these symbols are usually to be found in the linked articles on each ship or class.

Sequential numbering of SCB projects

SCB projects began in numeric sequence in 1946, and were originally listed in descending priority (the Norfolk cruiser/destroyer leader having top priority, the Tang submarines as second priority, etc.),[9] but such prioritization was eventually dropped. Several of the early projects actually began in 1945 - for example, the Mitscher-class destroyer (which in 1946 was assigned the project number SCB 5) was the ship design that out-performed the projected CL-154 class light cruiser design and led to that cruiser's cancellation in September 1945.[10]

More information SCB #, Start date ...

Block numbering of SCB projects

By 1965 the numeric sequence was abandoned and SCB projects were organized by block numbers which arranged projects by ship types (valid until the 1975 ship reclassification), and a two digit suffix denoting the fiscal year of the construction phase of the project.[239] This suffix is not the start date of the project as a concept: SCB 400.65 actually began in November 1962, not in 1965, and SCB 409.68 actually began in February 1965, not in 1968. The existence of successive suffixes also does not necessarily mean that the design of ships of a class in any way changed, such suffixes are listed here for historical note only.

In effect, this new numbering scheme changed the focus of the SCB from design and development to procurement and budget compliance. As a result, concept-only designs would largely disappear from the historical record.

More information 1965-1975 SCB block # ...
More information SCB #, Start date ...

CIP

The SCB also had a list of projects called Class Improvement Projects. These were usually changes of a lesser scope or risk than SCB projects; many were contingency plans to refurbish reserve ships had it been necessary to reactivate them.[300] No list of CIP numbers is available.

See also

References

Notes

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    Friedman, Submarines, p. 7
  2. [2]
    Friedman, Battleships, pp 311-313
  3. [3]
    Friedman, Destroyers, pp 2-3
  4. [4]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 3
  5. [5]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 13
  6. [6]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 5
  7. [7]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 13
  8. [8]
    Friedman, Submarines pp. 132-133
  9. [9]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 28
  10. [10]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 369
  11. [11]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 28
  12. [12]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 28
  13. [13]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 31
  14. [14]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 298
  15. [15]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 237
  16. [16]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 230
  17. [17]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 265
  18. [18]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 269
  19. [19]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 340
  20. [20]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 303
  21. [21]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 303
  22. [22]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
  23. [23]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 90
  24. [24]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 90
  25. [25]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
  26. [26]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  27. [27]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  28. [28]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  29. [29]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  30. [30]
    Friedman, Battleships, p. 390
  31. [31]
    Wildenberg, 1996, p. 207
  32. [32]
    Wildenberg, 1996, p. 207
  33. [33]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 267
  34. [34]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 383
  35. [35]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 390
  36. [36]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
  37. [37]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 288
  38. [38]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 288
  39. [39]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 288
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    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, pp. 24-25
  41. [41]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 178
  42. [42]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  43. [43]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
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    Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
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    Crierie, SCB Numbers
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    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 254
  47. [47]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 254, 256
  48. [48]
    Friedman, Battleships, pp. 402-403
  49. [49]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 89
  50. [50]
    Friedman, Submarines, pp. 252-263
  51. [51]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, pp. 340-342
  52. [52]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
  53. [53]
    Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 229-231
  54. [54]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 231
  55. [55]
    Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 231-232
  56. [56]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 41
  57. [57]
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    see linked Wiki article
  59. [59]
    see linked Wiki article
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    Friedman, Cruisers, p. 377
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    Crierie, SCB Numbers
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    Roberts, AO-105
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    Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 271-273
  64. [64]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 246
  65. [65]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 246
  66. [66]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
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    Friedman, Submarines, p. 80
  68. [68]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 300
  69. [69]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 300
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    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 161
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    Hewlett & Duncan, Nuclear Navy, p. 162
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    Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 273-274
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    Friedman, Naval Anti-Air Guns, p. 1043
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    Crierie, SCB Numbers
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    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 256
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    Crierie, SCB Numbers
  94. [94]
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    Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 246-249
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    Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 201
  100. [100]
    Friedman, Small Combatants, pp. 207-208
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    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 292
  102. [102]
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  103. [103]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
  104. [104]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 300
  105. [105]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 300
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    Friedman, Submarines, p. 31
  109. [109]
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  110. [110]
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  111. [111]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 128
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    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 350
  113. [113]
    Roberts, LSV-1-2
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    Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  115. [115]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 296
  116. [116]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 296
  117. [117]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
  118. [118]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 274
  119. [119]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 279
  120. [120]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 280
  121. [121]
    Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 280
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    Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 295-297
  123. [123]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 266
  124. [124]
    Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 275-279
  125. [125]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 95
  126. [126]
    Roberts, AV-4
  127. [127]
    Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 209
  128. [128]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 179
  129. [129]
    Friedman, Submarines, p. 182
  130. [130]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
  131. [131]
    Friedman, Cruisers, pp. 386-387
  132. [132]
    Friedman, Cruisers, p. 393
  133. [133]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 292
  134. [134]
    Friedman, Destroyers, p. 297
  135. [135]
    Friedman, Small Combatants, pp. 207-208
  136. [136]
    Crierie, SCB Numbers
  137. [137]
    Friedman, Cruisers, pp. 386-388
  138. [138]
    Friedman, Cruisers, p. 393
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    Crierie, SCB Numbers
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    Crierie, SCB Numbers
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    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 384, 386
  142. [142]
    Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 390
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  144. [144]
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Sources

  • Crierie, Ryan. "US Navy Ship Characteristic Board (SCB) Numbers" Accessed 22 September 2008.
  • Fahey, James C. (1965). The Ships and Aircraft of the United States Fleet, Eighth Edition. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-637-6.
  • Friedman, Norman (1982). U.S. Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-733-X.
  • Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute]. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
  • Friedman, Norman (1984). U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
  • Friedman, Norman (1985). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-715-1.
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