Temperature_in_Canada
Climate in Canada varies widely from region to region. In many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, winters are long, very cold, and feature frequent snow. Most of Canada has a continental climate, which features a large annual range of temperatures, cold winters, and warm summers. Daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −50 °C (−58 °F) with severe wind chills.[1] In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a more temperate climate, with a mild and rainy, cloudy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[2]
Much of Northern Canada is covered by ice and permafrost; however, the future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of climate change in Canada.[3] Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), with changes ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 °C (2.0 to 4.1 °F) in various regions, since 1948.[4] The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies.[4] In the southern regions of Canada, air pollution from both Canada and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in acid rain, which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth and agricultural productivity in Canada.[5]
The following tables show the average maximum and minimum temperatures of Canada of various cities across Canada, based on the climate period from 1981 to 2010 for the months of January and July (generally the lowest and highest average temperature months, but not in every case).
The two major Canadian cities that fall outside the continental climate schema are Vancouver and Victoria. Vancouver experiences an oceanic climate, bordering warm-summer mediterranean with a marked summer dry season. Victoria, BC is the only major Canadian city entirely in a warm-summer mediterranean climate. Of the eight largest Canadian cities, Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto have the warmest summers, Winnipeg the coldest winters, while Vancouver's winters are far milder than any other large city in Canada.
In mountainous regions such as British Columbia the variety of elevations creates micro-climates with average temperatures that can vary wildly within relatively small distances. A few small towns in southern BC outside of Vancouver, for example, have a humid continental climate (Dfb) with average winter temperatures and cold snaps comparable to other parts of the country.
Central Canada and northern Canada experiences subarctic and Arctic climates, much of them arid. Those areas are not heavily populated due to the severe climate, where it drops below −20 °C (−4 °F) on most winter days and has a very brief summer season.
Some Mountain passes in southern BC also have a subarctic or subalpine climate, creating extremely dangerous driving conditions, as drivers may be unaware of wintry road conditions when they come from nearby areas like Vancouver and Kamloops that are much warmer.[6]
The table can be reordered by clicking on the box in each column. Places in italics are provincial capitals, bold is the national capital.
More information Community, Weather station ...
| Community | Weather station | Location | Elevation | January (Avg. high °C (°F)) |
January (Avg. low °C (°F)) |
July (Avg. high °C (°F)) |
July (Avg. low °C (°F)) |
Annual (Avg. high °C (°F)) |
Annual (Avg. low °C (°F)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alberton, PE[7] | 46°51′00″N 064°01′00″W | 3 m (9.8 ft) | −3.9 (25.0) | −12.5 (9.5) | 23.2 (73.8) | 14.1 (57.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | 1.3 (34.3) | |
| Baker Lake, NU[8] | YBK | 64°17′56″N 096°04′40″W | 18.6 m (61 ft) | −27.7 (−17.9) | −34.8 (−30.6) | 17.0 (62.6) | 6.1 (43.0) | −7.3 (18.9) | −15.2 (4.6) |
| Baie-Comeau, QC[9] | YBC | 49°08′00″N 068°12′00″W | 22 m (72 ft) | −8.7 (16.3) | −19.9 (−3.8) | 20.9 (69.6) | 10.3 (50.5) | 6.6 (43.9) | −3.3 (26.1) |
| Calgary, AB[10] | YYC | 51°06′50″N 114°01′13″W | 1,084 m (3,556 ft) | −0.9 (30.4) | −13.2 (8.2) | 23.2 (73.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 10.8 (51.4) | −1.9 (28.6) |
| Charlottetown, PE[11] | YYG | 46°17′19″N 063°07′43″W | 49 m (161 ft) | −3.4 (25.9) | −12.1 (10.2) | 23.3 (73.9) | 14.1 (57.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 1.3 (34.3) |
| Churchill, MB[12] | YYQ | 58°44′21″N 094°03′59″W | 29 m (95 ft) | −21.9 (−7.4) | −30.1 (−22.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | −2.3 (27.9) | −10.7 (12.7) |
| Corner Brook, NL[13] | 48°57′00″N 057°57′00″W | 5 m (16 ft) | −2.7 (27.1) | −9.6 (14.7) | 22.0 (71.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 9.0 (48.2) | 1.3 (34.3) | |
| Dawson City, YT[14] | YDA | 64°02′35″N 139°07′40″W | 370 m (1,210 ft) | −21.8 (−7.2) | −30.1 (−22.2) | 23.1 (73.6) | 8.2 (46.8) | 2.1 (35.8) | −10.3 (13.5) |
| Edmonton, AB[15] | YXD | 53°34′24″N 113°31′06″W | 671 m (2,201 ft) | −6.0 (21.2) | −14.8 (5.4) | 23.1 (73.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 9.3 (48.7) | −1.0 (30.2) |
| Edmundston, NB[16] | 47°20′47″N 068°11′16″W | 163 m (535 ft) | −7.1 (19.2) | −18.5 (−1.3) | 24.7 (76.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 9.5 (49.1) | −2.3 (27.9) | |
| Fort Nelson, BC[17] | YYE | 58°50′11″N 122°35′50″W | 382 m (1,253 ft) | −16.1 (3.0) | −24.6 (−12.3) | 23.2 (73.8) | 10.9 (51.6) | 5.2 (41.4) | −6.0 (21.2) |
| Fredericton, NB[18] | YFC | 45°52′20″N 066°31′40″W | 21 m (69 ft) | −3.8 (25.2) | −15.0 (5.0) | 25.5 (77.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 11.4 (52.5) | −0.2 (31.6) |
| Halifax, NS[19] | YHZ | 44°52′48″N 063°30′00″W | 145 m (476 ft) | −1.3 (29.7) | −10.4 (13.3) | 23.8 (74.8) | 13.7 (56.7) | 11.3 (52.3) | 1.9 (35.4) |
| High Level, AB[20] | YOJ | 58°37′17″N 117°09′53″W | 338 m (1,109 ft) | −15.0 (5.0) | −25.8 (−14.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 5.2 (41.4) | −7.2 (19.0) |
| Inuvik, NT[21] | YEV | 68°18′15″N 133°28′58″W | 68 m (223 ft) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −31.0 (−23.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 8.6 (47.5) | −3.5 (25.7) | −12.9 (8.8) |
| Iqaluit, NU[22] | YFB | 63°45′00″N 068°33′00″W | 34 m (112 ft) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −30.9 (−23.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 4.1 (39.4) | −5.6 (21.9) | −13.1 (8.4) |
| Kamloops, BC[23] | YKA | 50°42′08″N 120°26′31″W | 345.3 m (1,133 ft) | 0.4 (32.7) | −5.9 (21.4) | 28.9 (84.0) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.8 (58.6) | 3.7 (38.7) |
| Kugluktuk, NU[24] | YCO | 67°49′00″N 115°08′38″W | 23 m (75 ft) | −23.2 (−9.8) | −31.4 (−24.5) | 15.6 (60.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | −6.1 (21.0) | −14.4 (6.1) |
| La Ronge, SK[25] | YVC | 55°09′00″N 105°16′00″W | 379 m (1,243 ft) | −13.4 (7.9) | −24.2 (−11.6) | 23.5 (74.3) | 11.5 (52.7) | 5.9 (42.6) | −5.5 (22.1) |
| Mayo, YT[26] | YMA | 63°37′00″N 135°52′00″W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | −18.0 (−0.4) | −28.2 (−18.8) | 22.8 (73.0) | 9.4 (48.9) | 3.4 (38.1) | −8.2 (17.2) |
| Moncton, NB[27] | YQM | 46°06′19″N 064°41′02″W | 71 m (233 ft) | −3.7 (25.3) | −14.0 (6.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 12.9 (55.2) | 10.7 (51.3) | 0.1 (32.2) |
| Montreal, QC[28] | YUL | 45°28′00″N 073°45′00″W | 36 m (118 ft) | −5.3 (22.5) | −14.0 (6.8) | 26.3 (79.3) | 16.1 (61.0) | 11.5 (52.7) | 2.0 (35.6) |
| Nain, NL[29] | YDP | 56°33′00″N 061°41′00″W | 6 m (20 ft) | −13.5 (7.7) | −21.6 (−6.9) | 14.9 (58.8) | 5.3 (41.5) | 1.7 (35.1) | −6.6 (20.1) |
| Norman Wells, NT[30] | YVQ | 65°16′57″N 126°48′01″W | 73 m (240 ft) | −22.2 (−8.0) | −29.9 (−21.8) | 22.5 (72.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | −0.4 (31.3) | −9.9 (14.2) |
| Ottawa, ON[31] | YOW | 45°19′21″N 075°40′09″W | 114 m (374 ft) | −5.8 (21.6) | −14.8 (5.4) | 26.5 (79.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 11.3 (52.3) | 1.4 (34.5) |
| Princeton, BC[32] | CYDC | 49°28′05″N 120°30′41″W | 700 m (2,300 ft) | −1.4 (29.5) | −8.6 (16.5) | 26.3 (79.3) | 9.5 (49.1) | 12.9 (55.2) | 0.2 (32.4) |
| Quebec City, QC[33] | YQB | 46°48′00″N 071°23′00″W | 74 m (243 ft) | −7.9 (17.8) | −17.7 (0.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 13.5 (56.3) | 9.2 (48.6) | −0.8 (30.6) |
| Regina, SK[34] | YQR | 50°26′00″N 104°40′00″W | 578 m (1,896 ft) | −9.3 (15.3) | −20.1 (−4.2) | 25.8 (78.4) | 11.9 (53.4) | 9.3 (48.7) | −3.2 (26.2) |
| Resolute, NU[35] | YRB | 74°43′01″N 094°58′10″W | 68 m (223 ft) | −28.6 (−19.5) | −35.3 (−31.5) | 7.3 (45.1) | 1.7 (35.1) | −12.7 (9.1) | −18.6 (−1.5) |
| Saskatoon, SK[36] | YXE | 52°10′00″N 106°43′00″W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | −10.1 (13.8) | −20.7 (−5.3) | 25.3 (77.5) | 11.6 (52.9) | 8.6 (47.5) | −3.5 (25.7) |
| St. John's, NL[37] | YYT | 47°37′20″N 052°44′34″W | 141 m (463 ft) | −0.8 (30.6) | −8.2 (17.2) | 20.7 (69.3) | 10.9 (51.6) | 9.0 (48.2) | 1.0 (33.8) |
| Summerside, PE[38] | YSU | 46°26′20″N 063°49′54″W | 20 m (66 ft) | −3.2 (26.2) | −12.1 (10.2) | 23.8 (74.8) | 14.6 (58.3) | 9.9 (49.8) | 1.6 (34.9) |
| Sydney, NS[39] | YQY | 46°10′00″N 060°02′53″W | 62 m (203 ft) | −1.1 (30.0) | −9.6 (14.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 10.3 (50.5) | 1.4 (34.5) |
| Thompson, MB[40] | YTH | 55°48′12″N 097°51′45″W | 224 m (735 ft) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −29.3 (−20.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 9.1 (48.4) | 3.4 (38.1) | −9.1 (15.6) |
| Timmins, ON[41] | YTS | 48°34′11″N 081°22′36″W | 295 m (968 ft) | −10.6 (12.9) | −23.0 (−9.4) | 24.2 (75.6) | 10.7 (51.3) | 7.9 (46.2) | −4.3 (24.3) |
| Toronto, ON[42] | YYZ | 43°40′38″N 079°37′50″W | 173 m (568 ft) | −1.5 (29.3) | −9.4 (15.1) | 27.1 (80.8) | 15.8 (60.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 3.3 (37.9) |
| Vancouver, BC[43] | YVR | 49°11′42″N 123°10′55″W | 4 m (13 ft) | 6.9 (44.4) | 1.4 (34.5) | 22.2 (72.0) | 13.7 (56.7) | 13.9 (57.0) | 6.8 (44.2) |
| Victoria, BC[44] | YYJ | 48°38′50″N 123°25′33″W | 20 m (66 ft) | 7.6 (45.7) | 1.5 (34.7) | 22.4 (72.3) | 11.3 (52.3) | 14.4 (57.9) | 5.6 (42.1) |
| Whitehorse, YT[45] | YXY | 60°42′34″N 135°04′08″W | 706 m (2,316 ft) | −11.0 (12.2) | −19.2 (−2.6) | 20.6 (69.1) | 8.0 (46.4) | 5.1 (41.2) | −5.2 (22.6) |
| Windsor, ON[46] | YQG | 42°16′32″N 82°57′20″W | 190 m (620 ft) | −0.3 (31.5) | −7.3 (18.9) | 28.1 (82.6) | 17.9 (64.2) | 14.4 (57.9) | 5.4 (41.7) |
| Winnipeg, MB[47] | YWG | 49°55′00″N 097°14′00″W | 239 m (784 ft) | −11.3 (11.7) | −21.4 (−6.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 13.5 (56.3) | 8.7 (47.7) | −2.7 (27.1) |
| Yarmouth, NS[48] | YQI | 43°49′51″N 066°05′19″W | 43 m (141 ft) | 0.8 (33.4) | −6.9 (19.6) | 20.9 (69.6) | 12.7 (54.9) | 11.1 (52.0) | 3.2 (37.8) |
| Yellowknife, NT[49] | YZF | 62°27′46″N 114°26′25″W | 206 m (676 ft) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −29.5 (−21.1) | 21.3 (70.3) | 12.6 (54.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | −8.6 (16.5) |
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Heat, cold and frost averages
More information Location, Region ...
| Location | Region | Days >30° | Days >20° | Frosts | Max temp <0° | Days <-10° | Days
<-20° |
First frost | Last frost | Frost-free |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baker Lake | NU | 0.21 | 13.1 | 270.5 | 225.5 | 206.3 | 158.2 | Aug 30 | Jun 25 | 65 days |
| Brandon | MB | 15.9 | 109.8 | 202.3 | 110.0 | 108.6 | 52.6 | Sep 14 | May 24 | 112 days |
| Calgary | AB | 5.1 | 87.2 | 194.4 | 59.3 | 71.3 | 21.7 | Sep 16 | May 21 | 117 days |
| Charlottetown | PE | 0.9 | 79.3 | 160.2 | 72.6 | 54.6 | 6.5 | Oct 17 | May 16 | 153 days |
| Churchill | MB | 1.1 | 28.0 | 247.5 | 193.7 | 171.0 | 117.2 | Sep 15 | Jun 19 | 87 days |
| Corner Brook | NL | 0.7 | 58.5 | 159.3 | 79.0 | 43.0 | 3.4 | Oct 13 | May 19 | 146 days |
| Dawson Creek | BC | 2.6 | 62.1 | 243.7 | 156.9 | 162.4 | 104.1 | Aug 13 | Jun 3 | 70 days |
| Edmonton | AB | 4.0 | 88.4 | 179.7 | 82.6 | 75.3 | 24.6 | Sep 22 | May 9 | 135 days |
| Fort Frances | ON | 6.9 | 100.4 | 195.4 | 106.6 | 90.8 | 44.2 | Sep 17 | May 27 | 108 days |
| Fort McMurray | AB | 5.9 | 84.2 | 212.1 | 115.8 | 119.5 | 57.5 | Sep 6 | May 30 | 97 days |
| Fort Nelson | BC | 3.3 | 78.1 | 214.2 | 133.6 | 139.1 | 79.8 | Sep 11 | May 16 | 117 days |
| Fort Simpson | NT | 4.2 | 73.8 | 224.3 | 159.3 | 157.3 | 101.1 | Sep 1 | May 26 | 97 days |
| Fredericton | NB | 9.0 | 104.4 | 172.9 | 69.1 | 72.6 | 20.0 | Sep 25 | May 17 | 130 days |
| Halifax (city) | NS | 1.0 | 78.2 | 131.0 | 47.0 | 29.8 | 0.8 | Oct 31 | May 1 | 182 days |
| Hamilton | ON | 18.5 | 119.8 | 129.0 | 48.6 | 32.6 | 2.5 | Oct 16 | Apr 21 | 177 days |
| High Level | AB | 2.7 | 76.5 | 224.8 | 136.3 | 138.9 | 79.9 | Sep 1 | Jun 1 | 91 days |
| Iqaluit | NU | 0.0 | 2.1 | 265.8 | 212.2 | 182.4 | 130.6 | Sep 3 | Jun 20 | 74 days |
| Kamloops | BC | 32.8 | 132.0 | 119.2 | 34.5 | 19.9 | 3.4 | Oct 10 | Apr 24 | 169 days |
| Kuujjuaq | QC | 0.3 | 21.7 | 244.0 | 177.1 | 155.6 | 104.5 | Sep 9 | Jun 18 | 82 days |
| Labrador City | NL | 0.4 | 33.1 | 232.8 | 155.3 | 144.5 | 90.6 | Sep 14 | Jun 9 | 95 days |
| Liverpool | NS | 3.3 | 102.7 | 146.8 | 42.0 | 34.6 | 3.6 | Oct 5 | May 15 | 142 days |
| Medicine Hat | AB | 26.5 | 120.4 | 174.6 | 58.4 | 64.4 | 22.8 | Sep 25 | May 13 | 134 days |
| Moose Jaw | SK | 21.7 | 115.1 | 188.7 | 86.7 | 87.7 | 37.7 | Sep 17 | May 17 | 121 days |
| Moncton | NB | 6.8 | 99.1 | 166.9 | 70.0 | 58.9 | 14.0 | Oct 2 | May 23 | 131 days |
| Montreal | QC | 9.3 | 117.1 | 147.7 | 74.0 | 62.9 | 14.3 | Oct 12 | Apr 29 | 165 days |
| Moosonee | ON | 6.1 | 66.3 | 224.9 | 129.1 | 125.6 | 78.4 | Aug 25 | Jun 26 | 58 days |
| Nain | NL | 0.5 | 16.4 | 230.1 | 148.1 | 126.7 | 62.4 | Sep 24 | Jun 18 | 96 days |
| Nanaimo | BC | 6.7 | 96.9 | 71.5 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 0.0 | Oct 26 | Apr 14 | 194 days |
| Osoyoos (west) | BC | 36.0 | 142.4 | 105.5 | 25.3 | 10.7 | 0.3 | Oct 9 | Apr 22 | 169 days |
| Ottawa | ON | 13.0 | 116.4 | 154.9 | 77.5 | 67.9 | 16.3 | Oct 7 | Apr 30 | 157 days |
| Princeton | BC | 24.2 | 107.6 | 177.8 | 50.6 | 33.6 | 6.4 | Sep 17 | May 23 | 116 Days |
| Quebec City | QC | 5.1 | 94.1 | 170.7 | 94.9 | 84.8 | 31.1 | Oct 4 | May 11 | 145 days |
| Regina | SK | 16.2 | 108.1 | 201.2 | 103.0 | 102.3 | 43.1 | Sep 12 | May 20 | 115 days |
| Saguenay | QC | 7.7 | 86.8 | 189.7 | 104.9 | 99.2 | 46.6 | Sep 23 | May 22 | 123 days |
| Saint John | NB | 0.9 | 74.3 | 167.2 | 60.7 | 65.7 | 14.1 | Oct 2 | May 16 | 138 days |
| Saskatoon | SK | 13.1 | 103.1 | 200.4 | 108.0 | 105.6 | 47.1 | Sep 15 | May 21 | 117 days |
| St. John's | NL | 0.1 | 52.6 | 166.6 | 65.9 | 34.9 | 0.6 | Oct 17 | May 30 | 139 days |
| Sydney | NS | 2.3 | 74.9 | 160.8 | 60.0 | 43.2 | 2.7 | Oct 17 | May 21 | 149 days |
| Thompson | MB | 3.8 | 66.9 | 238.6 | 152.5 | 150.0 | 100.0 | Aug 27 | Jun 14 | 74 days |
| Toronto | ON | 11.5 | 117.2 | 100.8 | 45.9 | 21.9 | 1.2 | Nov 3 | Apr 13 | 203 days |
| Toronto Airport | ON | 15.8 | 122.3 | 136.5 | 52.8 | 38.9 | 3.9 | Oct 16 | Apr 30 | 168 days |
| Vancouver | BC | 0.3 | 76.5 | 40.9 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.0 | Nov 10 | Mar 18 | 237 days |
| Victoria | BC | 2.1 | 78.9 | 46.0 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | Nov 5 | Apr 7 | 211 days |
| Windsor | ON | 23.5 | 138.9 | 116.3 | 44.3 | 24.1 | 1.2 | Oct 30 | Apr 17 | 195 days |
| Winnipeg | MB | 13.3 | 109.7 | 193.7 | 113.0 | 102.2 | 50.1 | Sep 22 | May 23 | 121 days |
| Whitehorse | YT | 0.9 | 41.5 | 221.3 | 118.7 | 106.4 | 48.7 | Aug 25 | Jun 5 | 80 days |
| Yarmouth | NS | 0.0 | 56.7 | 126.1 | 36.0 | 21.7 | 0.1 | Oct 21 | Apr 27 | 176 days |
| Yellowknife | NT | 0.4 | 42.8 | 224.5 | 175.2 | 160.9 | 105.2 | Sep 18 | May 25 | 115 days |
Close
- Highest recorded June 29, 2021 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) Lytton, British Columbia.[51]
- Lowest recorded February 3, 1947 −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) Snag, Yukon.[52]
The table can be reordered by clicking on the box in each column. Places in italics are provincial capital, bold is the national capital.
More information Community, Weather station ...
| Community | Weather station | Location | Elevation | January (Record high °C (°F)) |
January (Record low °C (°F)) |
July (Record high °C (°F)) |
July (Record low °C (°F)) |
Annual (Extreme high °C (°F)) |
Annual (Extreme low °C (°F)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alberton, PE[7] | 46°51′00″N 064°01′00″W | 3 m (9.8 ft) | 13.2 (55.8) | −31.7 (−25.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | 33.3 (91.9) | −33.0 (−27.4) | |
| Alert, NU[53][54] | YLT | 82°30′05″N 62°20′20″W | 30.5 m (100 ft) | 0.0 (32.0) | −50.0 (−58.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | −6.3 (20.7) | 20.0 (68.0) | −50.0 (−58.0) |
| Baker Lake, NU | YBK | 64°17′56″N 096°04′40″W | 18.6 m (61 ft) | −1.7 (28.9) | −50.6 (−59.1) | 33.6 (92.5) | −1.7 (28.9) | 33.6 (92.5) | −50.6 (−59.1) |
| Baie-Comeau, QC[9] | YBC | 49°08′00″N 068°12′00″W | 22 m (72 ft) | 11.4 (52.5) | −47.2 (−53.0) | 32.8 (91.0) | 0.6 (33.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | −47.2 (−53.0) |
| Calgary, AB[10] | YYC | 51°06′50″N 114°01′13″W | 1,084 m (3,556 ft) | 17.6 (63.7) | −44.4 (−47.9) | 36.1 (97.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | 36.5 (97.7) | −45.0 (−49.0) |
| Charlottetown, PE[11] | YYG | 46°17′19″N 063°07′43″W | 49 m (161 ft) | 15.1 (59.2) | −30.5 (−22.9) | 33.9 (93.0) | 3.3 (37.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | −30.5 (−22.9) |
| Churchill, MB[12][54] | YYQ | 58°44′21″N 094°03′59″W | 29 m (95 ft) | 1.7 (35.1) | −45.0 (−49.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 1.1 (34.0) | 36.9 (98.4) | −45.4 (−49.7) |
| Corner Brook, NL[13] | 48°57′00″N 057°57′00″W | 5 m (16 ft) | 16.5 (61.7) | −31.7 (−25.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | 1.1 (34.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −31.7 (−25.1) | |
| Dawson City, YT[14] | YDA | 64°02′35″N 139°07′40″W | 370 m (1,210 ft) | 9.7 (49.5) | −53.8 (−64.8) | 33.5 (92.3) | −2.0 (28.4) | 34.7 (94.5) | −55.8 (−68.4) |
| Edmonton, AB[15][54] | YXD | 53°34′24″N 113°31′06″W | 671 m (2,201 ft) | 13.8 (56.8) | −49.4 (−56.9) | 36.7 (98.1) | −1.7 (28.9) | 37.2 (99.0) | −49.4 (−56.9) |
| Edmundston, NB[16] | 47°20′47″N 068°11′16″W | 163 m (535 ft) | 13.0 (55.4) | −41.0 (−41.8) | 36.0 (96.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | 36.0 (96.8) | −41.0 (−41.8) | |
| Fort Nelson, BC[17] | YYE | 58°50′11″N 122°35′50″W | 382 m (1,253 ft) | 10.7 (51.3) | −51.7 (−61.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 1.1 (34.0) | 36.7 (98.1) | −51.7 (−61.1) |
| Fredericton, NB[18] | YFC | 45°52′20″N 066°31′40″W | 21 m (69 ft) | 14.6 (58.3) | −35.6 (−32.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 1.7 (35.1) | 37.2 (99.0) | −37.2 (−35.0) |
| Halifax, NS[19] | YHZ | 44°52′48″N 063°30′00″W | 145 m (476 ft) | 14.8 (58.6) | −28.5 (−19.3) | 33.9 (93.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −28.5 (−19.3) |
| High Level, AB[20] | YOJ | 58°37′17″N 117°09′53″W | 338 m (1,109 ft) | 11.3 (52.3) | −50.6 (−59.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | −0.2 (31.6) | 35.2 (95.4) | −50.6 (−59.1) |
| Inuvik, NT[21] | YEV | 68°18′15″N 133°28′58″W | 68 m (223 ft) | 5.4 (41.7) | −54.4 (−65.9) | 32.8 (91.0) | −3.3 (26.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | −56.7 (−70.1) |
| Iqaluit, NU[22] | YFB | 63°45′00″N 068°33′00″W | 34 m (112 ft) | 3.9 (39.0) | −45.0 (−49.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | −2.8 (27.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | −45.6 (−50.1) |
| Kugluktuk, NU[24] | YCO | 67°49′00″N 115°08′38″W | 23 m (75 ft) | 0.8 (33.4) | −47.3 (−53.1) | 34.9 (94.8) | −0.8 (30.6) | 34.9 (94.8) | −47.3 (−53.1) |
| La Ronge, SK[25] | YVC | 55°09′00″N 105°16′00″W | 379 m (1,243 ft) | 12.5 (54.5) | −48.3 (−54.9) | 35.5 (95.9) | 1.1 (34.0) | 36.1 (97.0) | −48.3 (−54.9) |
| Mayo, YT[26] | YMA | 63°37′00″N 135°52′00″W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | 10.1 (50.2) | −58.3 (−72.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | −2.8 (27.0) | 36.1 (97.0) | −62.2 (−80.0) |
| Moncton, NB[27] | YQM | 46°06′19″N 064°41′02″W | 71 m (233 ft) | 16.1 (61.0) | −32.2 (−26.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 1.2 (34.2) | 37.2 (99.0) | −32.2 (−26.0) |
| Montreal, QC[28] | YUL | 45°28′00″N 073°45′00″W | 36 m (118 ft) | 13.9 (57.0) | −37.8 (−36.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 37.6 (99.7) | −37.8 (−36.0) |
| Nain, NL[29] | YDP | 56°33′00″N 061°41′00″W | 6 m (20 ft) | 10.5 (50.9) | −39.4 (−38.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | −2.8 (27.0) | 33.3 (91.9) | −41.5 (−42.7) |
| Norman Wells, NT[30] | YVQ | 65°16′57″N 126°48′01″W | 73 m (240 ft) | 12.4 (54.3) | −52.2 (−62.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −1.1 (30.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −54.4 (−65.9) |
| Ottawa, ON[31] | YOW | 45°19′21″N 075°40′09″W | 114 m (374 ft) | 12.9 (55.2) | −35.6 (−32.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 5.0 (41.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | −36.1 (−33.0) |
| Princeton, BC[32] | CYDC | 49°28′05″N 120°30′41″W | 700 m (2,300 ft) | 13.3 (55.9) | −41.1 (−42.0) | 41.7 (107.1) | 0.0 (32.0) | 41.7 (107.1) | −42.8 (−45.0) |
| Quebec City, QC[33] | YQB | 46°48′00″N 071°23′00″W | 74 m (243 ft) | 10.0 (50.0) | −35.4 (−31.7) | 35.6 (96.1) | 3.9 (39.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | −36.1 (−33.0) |
| Regina, SK[34] | YQR | 50°26′00″N 104°40′00″W | 578 m (1,896 ft) | 10.4 (50.7) | −50.0 (−58.0) | 43.3 (109.9) | −2.2 (28.0) | 43.3 (109.9) | −50.0 (−58.0) |
| Resolute, NU[35] | YRB | 74°43′01″N 094°58′10″W | 68 m (223 ft) | −0.8 (30.6) | −52.2 (−62.0) | 18.5 (65.3) | −3.1 (26.4) | 18.5 (65.3) | −52.2 (−62.0) |
| Saskatoon, SK[36] | YXE | 52°10′00″N 106°43′00″W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | 10.0 (50.0) | −48.9 (−56.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | −3.3 (26.1) | 40.6 (105.1) | −50.0 (−58.0) |
| St. John's, NL[37] | YYT | 47°37′20″N 052°44′34″W | 141 m (463 ft) | 15.7 (60.3) | −23.3 (−9.9) | 31.5 (88.7) | −1.1 (30.0) | 31.5 (88.7) | −23.8 (−10.8) |
| Summerside, PE[38] | YSU | 46°26′20″N 063°49′54″W | 20 m (66 ft) | 12.1 (53.8) | −29.9 (−21.8) | 33.3 (91.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 33.3 (91.9) | −29.9 (−21.8) |
| Sydney, NS[39] | YQY | 46°10′00″N 060°02′53″W | 62 m (203 ft) | 16.9 (62.4) | −26.2 (−15.2) | 33.9 (93.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | 35.5 (95.9) | −27.3 (−17.1) |
| Thompson, MB[40] | YTH | 55°48′12″N 097°51′45″W | 224 m (735 ft) | 8.1 (46.6) | −48.9 (−56.0) | 35.9 (96.6) | −1.1 (30.0) | 37.4 (99.3) | −48.9 (−56.0) |
| Timmins, ON[41] | YTS | 48°34′11″N 081°22′36″W | 295 m (968 ft) | 7.6 (45.7) | −44.2 (−47.6) | 38.9 (102.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | 38.9 (102.0) | −45.6 (−50.1) |
| Toronto, ON[42] | YYZ | 43°40′38″N 079°37′50″W | 173 m (568 ft) | 17.6 (63.7) | −31.3 (−24.3) | 37.6 (99.7) | 3.9 (39.0) | 38.3 (100.9) | −31.3 (−24.3) |
| Vancouver, BC[43] | YVR | 49°11′42″N 123°10′55″W | 4 m (13 ft) | 15.3 (59.5) | −17.8 (0.0) | 34.4 (93.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | −17.8 (0.0) |
| Victoria, BC[44] | YYJ | 48°38′50″N 123°25′33″W | 20 m (66 ft) | 16.1 (61.0) | −15.6 (3.9) | 36.3 (97.3) | 4.1 (39.4) | 36.3 (97.3) | −15.6 (3.9) |
| Whitehorse, YT[45] | YXY | 60°42′34″N 135°04′08″W | 706 m (2,316 ft) | 9.0 (48.2) | −52.2 (−62.0) | 32.8 (91.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | −52.2 (−62.0) |
| Windsor, ON[46] | YQG | 42°16′32″N 82°57′20″W | 190 m (620 ft) | 17.8 (64.0) | −29.1 (−20.4) | 38.3 (100.9) | 5.6 (42.1) | 40.2 (104.4) | −29.1 (−20.4) |
| Winnipeg, MB[47] | YWG | 49°55′00″N 097°14′00″W | 239 m (784 ft) | 7.8 (46.0) | −42.2 (−44.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | 1.1 (34.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | −45.0 (−49.0) |
| Yarmouth, NS[48] | YQI | 43°49′51″N 066°05′19″W | 43 m (141 ft) | 14.0 (57.2) | −21.3 (−6.3) | 30.0 (86.0) | 5.8 (42.4) | 30.3 (86.5) | −23.6 (−10.5) |
| Yellowknife, NT[49] | YZF | 62°27′46″N 114°26′25″W | 206 m (676 ft) | 3.4 (38.1) | −51.2 (−60.2) | 32.5 (90.5) | 0.6 (33.1) | 32.5 (90.5) | −51.2 (−60.2) |
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Main article: Climate change in Canada
Climate change in Canada has had large impacts on the country's environment and landscapes. These events are likely to become even more frequent and severe in the future due to the continued release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The number of climate change–related events, such as the 2021 British Columbia Floods and an increasing number of forest fires, has become an increasing concern over time.[55] Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by 1.7 degrees Celsius since 1948. The rate of warming is even higher in Canada's north, the Prairies, and northern British Columbia. The country's precipitation has increased in recent years and extreme weather events have become more common.
Canada is currently the world's 10th largest greenhouse gas emitter,[56] and has a long history of producing industrial emissions going back to the late 19th century. In 2019 transport and oil and gas extraction together emitted over half of the total.[57] Canada's fossil fuel extraction industry has increased its greenhouse gas emissions by 21.6% since 1990.
Canada is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030 under the Paris Agreement. In July 2021, Canada enhanced the Paris Agreement plans with a new goal of reducing emissions by 40–45% below 2005 levels by 2030.[58] Several climate change mitigation policies have been implemented in the country, such as carbon pricing, emissions trading and climate change funding programs. In 2019, the House of Commons voted to declare a national climate emergency in Canada.Weather Stations locations in Canada.
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