The year 1830 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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• March 16 – Great Comet of 1830 (C/1830 F1, 1830 I) first observed in Mauritius.
• Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer produce the first map of the surface of Mars.

• Charles Bell publishes his Nervous System of the Human Body.
• William Jackson Hooker commences publication of The British Flora.

• October 14 – HMS Beagle returns to England from her first voyage, a hydrographic survey of the Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego regions of South America.
• Southern Ocean Expedition – John Biscoe sets out from England on an expedition to find new seal-hunting grounds in the Southern Ocean.^[1]

• Charles Lyell publishes the first volume of his Principles of Geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation.

• Thomas Southwood Smith publishes the standard textbook A Treatise on Fever in London.
• Approximate date – The chain osteotome, a form of chainsaw, is invented by German orthopaedist Bernhard Heine.^[2][3][4][5]

• July 13 – John Ruggles is granted United States patent No. 1, for applying rack railway equipment to the "Locomotive steam-engine for rail and other roads".
• August 31 – Edwin Budding is granted a United Kingdom patent for the lawnmower.
• Aeneas Coffey is granted a United Kingdom patent for an improved column still.
• Eaton Hodgkinson publishes his pioneering paper on the optimum cross section for cast iron structural beams.^[6]
• Stephen H. Long designs the Long truss wooden bridge.

• Geographical Society of London established.^[7]

• Charles Babbage publishes Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes.
• Auguste Comte begins publication of his Course of Positive Philosophy (Cours de Philosophie Positive).

• Copley Medal: not awarded^[8]

• March 5 – Étienne-Jules Marey (died 1904), French physiologist.
• March 5 – Charles Wyville Thomson (died 1882), Scottish marine biologist.
• April 21 – Clémence Royer (died 1902), French anthropologist.
• May 10 – François-Marie Raoult (died 1901), French chemist.
• May 11 (April 29 O.S.) – Emanoil Bacaloglu (died 1891), Romanian polymath.
• August 19 – Lothar Meyer (died 1895), German chemist.
• September 7 – Mary Treat (died 1923), American naturalist.
• October 24 – Marianne North (died 1890), English botanist.
• November 20 – Sigismond Jaccoud (died 1913), Swiss physician.

• March 2 – Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring (born 1755), German physician, anatomist, paleontologist and inventor.
• March 29 – James Rennell (born 1742), English cartographer and oceanographer.
• May 16 – Joseph Fourier (born 1768), French mathematician.
• August 24 – Louis Pierre Vieillot (born 1748), French ornithologist.
• Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (born 1760), Italian botanist.