1919_Ontario_general_election
The 1919 Ontario general election, held on October 20, 1919, elected 111 Members of the 15th Legislative Assembly of Ontario ("MLAs"). The United Farmers of Ontario captured the most seats but only a minority of the legislature. They joined with 11 Labour MPPs and three others to form a coalition government, ending the 14-year rule of Ontario's Conservatives.[1] This is one of the few examples of coalition government in Canadian history.
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111 seats in the 15th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 56 seats were needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Premier William Howard Hearst had aimed to win a fifth consecutive term for the Conservatives, but instead the party became the first in Ontario history to fall from first to third place.[2] As newspaperman John Willison later remarked, "There could not have been a worse time for a general election."[2]
The parties tended to have a targeted approach in fielding their candidates:
| Candidates nominated | Ridings | Party | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Con | Lib | UFO | Lab | Ind | Farm-Lab | Ind-Con | Soc | Farm-Lib | Soldier | Sold-Lab | Ind-Lib | Totals | ||
| Acclamation | 4 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||
| 2 | 48 | 44 | 15 | 31 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 96 | |||||
| 3 | 50 | 46 | 44 | 32 | 14 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 150 | |||
| 4 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 32 | ||
| 5 | – | |||||||||||||
| 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | ||||||
| Total | 111 | 103 | 66 | 66 | 21 | 14 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 288 |
It was the first in which women could vote and run for office.[lower-alpha 2] Election day was also held on the same day as the scheduled referendum on prohibition.[2]
Conservatives
Hearst alienated the business community with his progressive policies; he had a rift with Adam Beck (London) over the direction of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission; and his promotion of prohibition alienated the urban "wets".[2]
Only the Conservatives attempted to field a full slate—and were helped by having four candidates being declared elected by acclamation[5]—but about two dozen incumbents decided to step aside in favour of the local farmer candidates.[6]
Seventeen Conservative MLAs either retired from the Legislature, or had failed to be renominated.[7] Arthur Pratt (Norfolk South) opted to campaign as an Independent-Conservative, claiming earlier in the year that at least 27 MLAs privately opposed Hearst's prohibition policy.[6]
Beck also decided to stand as an Independent, saying, "I do not object to the Government having a control of the Hydro enterprise, but I object to its becoming a Government department; only as an Independent can I look after the interests of Hydro-Electric Power for the people of the Province in the most efficient manner."[6]
Liberals
The Liberals split between those still loyal to former leader Newton Rowell and his successor William Proudfoot (Huron Centre), and those who supported the new leader, Hartley Dewart.[2] John Campbell Elliott (Middlesex West) (who had come in 3rd in the 1919 leadership contest), joined by five others, decided to drop out of the race.[8]
They tried to avoid direct contests with UFO candidates,[2] fielding candidates in only 66 ridings as opposed to the 90 named in the 1914 election. In many respects, however, they underestimated the discontent that was simmering among rural Ontarians, and Dewart focused his attention unnecessarily against the Conservative campaign manager George Howard Ferguson.[9]
Proudfoot opted to campaign as an Independent.[10]
United Farmers
The UFO focused on rural areas. Its leader, R.H. Halbert, did not campaign, as he had been elected to the House of Commons of Canada in an earlier by-election.[8] It had only two incumbent MPPs, Beniah Bowman and John Wesley Widdifield, who had entered the legislature by winning by-elections in Manitoulin and Ontario North.
Labour
The labour political movement was fragmented between the Independent Labour Party, the Ontario section of the Canadian Labour Party, and the Ontario Labour Educational Association and its newspaper The Industrial Banner.[11] The ILP was the effective organization on the campaign trail that year, and it promoted joint action with the UFO.[12]
Media in the campaign
Media support in the campaign was mixed. The Globe and The Toronto Star, at that time both Liberal in outlook, were hostile against Dewart because of his stand on temperance issues.[13] The Toronto World, generally a Conservative backer, pursued a simmering scandal from 1916[14][15] concerning International Nickel and alleged provincial support of wartime shipments of the metal to Germany via the cargo submarine Deutschland.[16][8] The Farmer's Sun, recently acquired by the UFO, was an enthusiastic promoter of farmer policies.[11]
Of the 111 seats, 103 were from single-member constituencies elected through first-past-the-post voting. The remaining eight came from four dual-member ridings in Toronto, each of which had parallel contests voting separately for seat A and seat B under the same FPTP rules.
| Results by riding - 1919 Ontario general election | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Riding | Region | 1914 | Winning party | Turnout [a 1] |
Votes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Party | Votes | Share | Margin # |
Margin % |
UFO | Lab | F-Lab | F-Lib | Soldier | Lib | Con | Ind | I-Con | I-Lib | S-Lab | Soc | Total | ||||||
| Addington | EAS | Con | Con | acclaimed | |||||||||||||||||||
| Algoma‡ | NOR | Con | Lib | 2,272 | 35.48% | 39 | 0.61% | 75.21% | 1,898 | – | – | – | – | 2,272 | 2,233 | – | – | – | – | – | 6,403 | ||
| Brant | MWO | Lib | UFO | 3,597 | 44.21 % | 1,024 | 12.59% | 79.52% | 3,597 | – | – | – | – | 1,966 | 2,573 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,136 | ||
| Brant South | MWO | Lib | Lab | 6,408 | 46.55% | 2,377 | 17.27% | 82.90% | – | 6,408 | – | – | – | 4,031 | 3,326 | – | – | – | – | – | 13,765 | ||
| Brockville | EAS | Con | Lib | 4,866 | 56.47% | 1,115 | 12.94% | 81.26% | – | – | – | – | – | 4,866 | 3,751 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,617 | ||
| Bruce North | MWO | Lib | UFO | 3,689 | 54.08% | 557 | 8.17% | 80.47% | 3,689 | – | – | – | – | 3,132 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6,821 | ||
| Bruce South | MWO | Con | Lib | 2,727 | 41.88% | 797 | 12.24% | 83.97% | 1,930 | – | – | – | – | 2,727 | 1,855 | – | – | – | – | – | 6,512 | ||
| Bruce West | MWO | Lib | Lib | 3,094 | 39.75% | 101 | 1.30% | 84.06% | 2,993 | – | – | – | – | 3,094 | 1,696 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,783 | ||
| Carleton | EAS | Con | UFO | 4,877 | 56.24% | 1,082 | 12.48% | 70.04% | 4,877 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,795 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,672 | ||
| Cochrane | NOR | Lib | Lib | 2,951 | 49.24% | 1,120 | 18.69% | 62.23% | – | 1,211 | – | – | – | 2,951 | 1,831 | – | – | – | – | – | 5,993 | ||
| Dufferin | MWO | Con | UFO | 4,117 | 53.50% | 538 | 7.00% | 80.72% | 4,117 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,579 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,696 | ||
| Dundas | EAS | Con | UFO | 4,792 | 59.45% | 1,524 | 18.90% | 79.05% | 4,792 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,268 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,060 | ||
| Durham East | CEN | Con | UFO | 1,111 | 57.89% | 303 | 15.78% | 25.53% | 1,111 | – | – | – | – | – | 808 | – | – | – | – | – | 1,919 | ||
| Durham West | CEN | Con | Lib | 3,346 | 56.20% | 738 | 12.40% | 81.53% | – | – | – | – | – | 3,346 | 2,608 | – | – | – | – | – | 5,954 | ||
| Elgin East | SWO | Con | UFO | 4,937 | 59.47% | 1,572 | 18.94% | 80.21% | 4,937 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,365 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,302 | ||
| Elgin West | SWO | Con | UFO | 7,542 | 57.11% | 1,879 | 14.22% | 74.67% | 7,542 | – | – | – | – | – | 5,663 | – | – | – | – | – | 13,205 | ||
| Essex North | SWO | Lib | UFO | 6,486 | 71.09% | 3,848 | 42.18% | 75.06% | 6,486 | – | – | – | – | – | 2,638 | – | – | – | – | – | 9,124 | ||
| Essex South | SWO | Lib | UFO | 3,558 | 41.30% | 130 | 1.51% | 81.13% | 3,558 | – | – | – | – | 3,428 | – | 1,629 | – | – | – | – | 8,615 | ||
| Fort William | NOR | Con | Lab | 3,745 | 51.48% | 1,513 | 20.80% | 65.99% | – | 3,745 | – | – | – | 2,232 | 1,298 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,275 | ||
| Frontenac | EAS | Con | Con | 3,016 | 47.32% | 509 | 7.99% | 77.45% | 2,507 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,016 | 850 | – | – | – | – | 6,373 | ||
| Glengarry | EAS | Lib | UFO | 4,554 | 62.10% | 1,775 | 24.20% | 66.84% | 4,554 | – | – | – | – | 2,779 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7,333 | ||
| Grenville* | EAS | Con | Con | 4,125 | 50.50% | 81 | 1.00% | 81.69% | 4,044 | – | – | – | – | – | 4,125 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,169 | ||
| Grey Centre | MWO | Con | UFO | 4,363 | 52.87% | 474 | 5.74% | 83.76% | 4,363 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,889 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,252 | ||
| Grey North* | MWO | Con | F-Lib | 5,659 | 55.92% | 1,198 | 11.84% | 79.73% | – | – | – | 5,659 | – | – | 4,461 | – | – | – | – | – | 10,120 | ||
| Grey South | MWO | Con | UFO | 5,252 | 54.99% | 953 | 9.98% | 78.14% | 5,252 | – | – | – | – | – | 4,299 | – | – | – | – | – | 9,551 | ||
| Haldimand | MWO | Con | UFO | 6,056 | 59.83% | 1,990 | 19.66% | 85.32% | 6,056 | – | – | – | – | – | 4,066 | – | – | – | – | – | 10,122 | ||
| Halton | HAM | Con | UFO | 4,456 | 40.33% | 1,054 | 9.54% | 79.06% | 4,456 | – | – | – | – | 3,190 | 3,402 | – | – | – | – | – | 11,048 | ||
| Hamilton East | HAM | Lab | Lab | 16,012 | 60.24% | 7,588 | 28.55% | 71.90% | – | 16,012 | – | – | 2,146 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,424 | – | 26,582 | ||
| Hamilton West | HAM | Con | Lab | 8,722 | 60.25% | 4,643 | 32.07% | 72.94% | – | 8,722 | – | – | – | 1,675 | 4,079 | – | – | – | – | – | 14,476 | ||
| Hastings East | EAS | Con | UFO | 3,641 | 51.22% | 174 | 2.44% | 80.76% | 3,641 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,467 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,108 | ||
| Hastings North | EAS | Con | Con | acclaimed | |||||||||||||||||||
| Hastings West | EAS | Con | Con | 5,072 | 52.19% | 425 | 4.38% | 79.54% | – | – | – | – | – | 4,647 | 5,072 | – | – | – | – | – | 9,719 | ||
| Huron Centre | MWO | Lib | Lab | 3,193 | 38.65% | 163 | 1.97% | 81.37% | 2,039 | 3,193 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,030 | – | – | – | – | 8,262 | ||
| Huron North | MWO | Con | Con | 2,897 | 37.61% | 341 | 4.43% | 85.18% | 2,249 | – | – | – | – | 2,556 | 2,897 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,702 | ||
| Huron South | MWO | Con | UFO | 3,298 | 41.91% | 774 | 9.84% | 84.22% | 3,298 | – | – | – | – | 2,047 | 2,524 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,869 | ||
| Kenora | NOR | Con | Lab | 1,870 | 49.47% | 975 | 25.79% | 73.99% | – | 1,870 | – | – | – | 405 | 610 | 895 | – | – | – | – | 3,780 | ||
| Kent East | SWO | Lib | UFO | 5,374 | 55.28% | 1,026 | 10.56% | 84.57% | 5,374 | – | – | – | – | – | 4,348 | – | – | – | – | – | 9,722 | ||
| Kent West | SWO | Con | Lib | 8,098 | 48.03% | 2,919 | 17.31% | 82.89% | 5,179 | – | – | – | – | 8,098 | 3,583 | – | – | – | – | – | 16,860 | ||
| Kingston | EAS | Con | Con | acclaimed | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lambton East | SWO | Con | UFO | 4,575 | 53.09% | 2,414 | 28.01% | 85.86% | 4,575 | – | – | – | – | 1,882 | 2,161 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,618 | ||
| Lambton West | SWO | Con | UFO | 6,081 | 40.42% | 1,299 | 8.64% | 80.56% | 6,081 | 4,782 | – | – | – | – | 4,180 | – | – | – | – | – | 15,043 | ||
| Lanark North | EAS | Con | UFO | 2,881 | 40.85% | 83 | 1.18% | 81.33% | 2,881 | – | – | – | – | 1,373 | 2,798 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,052 | ||
| Lanark South | EAS | Con | UFO | 3,872 | 48.18% | 803 | 9.99% | 76.05% | 3,872 | 1,096 | – | – | – | – | 3,069 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,037 | ||
| Leeds | EAS | Con | Con | 4,351 | 54.59% | 731 | 9.18% | 78.03% | – | – | – | – | – | 3,620 | 4,351 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,971 | ||
| Lennox | EAS | Con | Con | 2,329 | 39.98% | 314 | 5.39% | 81.71% | 1,482 | – | – | – | – | 2,015 | 2,329 | – | – | – | – | – | 5,826 | ||
| Lincoln | HAM | Lib | Lib | 3,242 | 39.39% | 507 | 6.16% | 80.22% | 2,735 | – | – | – | – | 3,242 | 2,253 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,230 | ||
| London | SWO | Con | Lab | 13,008 | 53.94% | 1,901 | 7.88% | 78.32% | – | 13,008 | – | – | – | – | – | 11,107 | – | – | – | – | 24,115 | ||
| Manitoulin | NOR | Con | UFO | 2,428 | 60.20% | 823 | 20.40% | 74.05% | 2,428 | – | – | – | – | – | 1,605 | – | – | – | – | – | 4,033 | ||
| Middlesex East | SWO | Con | UFO | 5,463 | 52.61% | 2,963 | 28.53% | 80.53% | 5,463 | – | – | – | – | 2,500 | 2,421 | – | – | – | – | – | 10,384 | ||
| Middlesex North | SWO | Lib | UFO | 3,857 | 50.41% | 1,696 | 22.18% | 84.48% | 3,857 | – | – | – | – | 1,627 | 2,161 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,645 | ||
| Middlesex West | SWO | Lib | UFO | 4,394 | 75.59% | 2,975 | 51.18% | 81.35% | 4,394 | – | – | – | – | – | 1,419 | – | – | – | – | – | 5,813 | ||
| Muskoka | CEN | Con | Con | 3,054 | 46.22% | 290 | 4.39% | 67.05% | – | – | – | – | – | 2,764 | 3,054 | 789 | – | – | – | – | 6,607 | ||
| Niagara Falls | HAM | Con | Lab | 4,057 | 38.37% | 368 | 3.48% | 76.25% | – | 4,057 | – | – | – | 3,689 | 2,826 | – | – | – | – | – | 10,572 | ||
| Nipissing | NOR | Con | Lib | 3,122 | 42.44% | 934 | 12.70% | 71.52% | – | 2,188 | – | – | – | 3,122 | 2,046 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,356 | ||
| Norfolk North | MWO | Lib | UFO | 4,522 | 63.09% | 1,877 | 26.18% | 79.98% | 4,522 | – | – | – | – | – | 2,645 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,167 | ||
| Norfolk South | MWO | Con | UFO | 3,280 | 62.67% | 1,326 | 25.34% | 79.50% | 3,280 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,954 | – | – | – | 5,234 | ||
| Northumberland East | CEN | Con | UFO | 4,521 | 50.49% | 87 | 0.98% | 78.31% | 4,521 | – | – | – | – | – | 4,434 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,955 | ||
| Northumberland West | CEN | Lib | Lib | 3,401 | 55.32% | 654 | 10.64% | 81.20% | – | – | – | – | – | 3,401 | 2,747 | – | – | – | – | – | 6,148 | ||
| Ontario North | CEN | Con | UFO | 4,162 | 54.12% | 633 | 8.24% | 84.13% | 4,162 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,529 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,691 | ||
| Ontario South | CEN | Con | Lib | 7,843 | 63.97% | 3,425 | 27.94% | 75.93% | – | – | – | – | – | 7,843 | 4,418 | – | – | – | – | – | 12,261 | ||
| Ottawa East | OTT | Lib | Lib | 7,309 | 63.57% | 4,431 | 38.54% | 62.40% | – | 2,878 | – | – | – | 7,309 | 1,311 | – | – | – | – | – | 11,498 | ||
| Ottawa West | OTT | Lib | Con | 8,953 | 34.36% | 1,097 | 4.21% | 69.56% | – | 7,856 | – | – | – | 6,526 | 8,953 | 2,723 | – | – | – | – | 26,058 | ||
| Oxford North | MWO | Lib | Lib | 5,369 | 47.61% | 2,313 | 20.51% | 80.76% | – | – | 2,852 | – | – | 5,369 | 3,056 | – | – | – | – | – | 11,277 | ||
| Oxford South | MWO | Con | UFO | 4,452 | 39.84% | 617 | 5.52% | 83.74% | 4,452 | – | – | – | – | 2,888 | 3,835 | – | – | – | – | – | 11,175 | ||
| Parkdale | TOR | Con | Con | 11,091 | 68.95% | 6,096 | 37.90% | 67.61% | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11,091 | 4,995 | – | – | – | – | 16,086 | ||
| Parry Sound | CEN | Con | Lib | 4,618 | 54.49% | 761 | 8.98% | 67.01% | – | – | – | – | – | 4,618 | 3,857 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,475 | ||
| Peel | CEN | Con | Con | 4,562 | 40.25% | 105 | 0.93% | 83.63% | 2,315 | – | – | – | – | 4,457 | 4,562 | – | – | – | – | – | 11,334 | ||
| Perth North | MWO | Con | Lib | 6,095 | 41.63% | 1,641 | 11.21% | 80.08% | 4,454 | – | – | – | – | 6,095 | 4,092 | – | – | – | – | – | 14,641 | ||
| Perth South | MWO | Con | UFO | 5,847 | 64.20% | 2,586 | 28.40% | — | 5,847 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,261 | – | – | – | – | – | 9,108 | ||
| Peterborough East | CEN | Con | UFO | 3,623 | 58.18% | 1,019 | 16.36% | 73.91% | 3,623 | – | – | – | – | – | 2,604 | – | – | – | – | – | 6,227 | ||
| Peterborough West | CEN | Lib | Lab | 4,732 | 41.49% | 685 | 6.01% | 76.19% | – | 4,732 | – | – | – | 4,047 | 2,625 | – | – | – | – | – | 11,404 | ||
| Port Arthur | NOR | Con | Con | 2,578 | 41.33% | 483 | 7.74% | 70.97% | – | – | – | – | – | 2,095 | 2,578 | 1,564 | – | – | – | – | 6,237 | ||
| Prescott | EAS | I-Lib | Lib | 3,929 | 47.43% | 1,298 | 15.67% | 71.03% | 2,631 | – | – | – | – | 3,929 | 1,724 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,284 | ||
| Prince Edward | EAS | Lib | Lib | 4,557 | 55.78% | 945 | 11.56% | 82.46% | – | – | – | – | – | 4,557 | 3,612 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,169 | ||
| Rainy River | NOR | Con | Con | 1,420 | 40.00% | 352 | 9.92% | 68.44% | 1,062 | – | – | – | – | 1,068 | 1,420 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,550 | ||
| Renfrew North | EAS | Con | UFO | 3,979 | 41.10% | 230 | 2.38% | 82.45% | 3,979 | – | – | – | – | 1,954 | 3,749 | – | – | – | – | – | 9,682 | ||
| Renfrew South | EAS | Con | UFO | 5,426 | 51.53% | 322 | 3.06% | 72.51% | 5,426 | – | – | – | – | – | 5,104 | – | – | – | – | – | 10,530 | ||
| Riverdale | TOR | Con | Soldier | 7,472 | 38.84% | 1,599 | 8.31% | — | – | 5,873 | – | – | 7,472 | – | 5,706 | – | – | – | – | 189 | 19,240 | ||
| Russell | EAS | Lib | Lib | 6,121 | 49.98% | 1,174 | 9.59% | 70.80% | 4,947 | – | – | – | – | 6,121 | – | 1,180 | – | – | – | – | 12,248 | ||
| St. Catharines | HAM | Con | Lab | 6,313 | 48.67% | 1,891 | 14.58% | 77.71% | – | 6,313 | – | – | – | 2,235 | 4,422 | – | – | – | – | – | 12,970 | ||
| Sault Ste. Marie | NOR | Con | Lab | 4,444 | 59.11% | 1,370 | 18.22% | 75.23% | – | 4,444 | – | – | – | – | 3,074 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,518 | ||
| Simcoe Centre | CEN | Con | UFO | 5,234 | 57.89% | 1,426 | 15.78% | 77.00% | 5,234 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,808 | – | – | – | – | – | 9,042 | ||
| Simcoe East | CEN | Con | UFO | 5,063 | 40.78% | 483 | 3.89% | 73.05% | 5,063 | – | – | – | – | – | 4,580 | 2,773 | – | – | – | – | 12,416 | ||
| Simcoe South | CEN | Con | UFO | 2,927 | 53.68% | 401 | 7.36% | 79.99% | 2,927 | – | – | – | – | – | 2,526 | – | – | – | – | – | 5,453 | ||
| Simcoe West | CEN | Con | Con | 4,491 | 55.46% | 885 | 10.92% | 74.57% | 3,606 | – | – | – | – | – | 4,491 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,097 | ||
| Stormont | EAS | Con | Lib | 4,284 | 43.01% | 1,338 | 13.43% | 70.19% | 2,946 | – | – | – | – | 4,284 | 2,731 | – | – | – | – | – | 9,961 | ||
| Sturgeon Falls | NOR | Lib | Lib | 2,690 | 62.02% | 1,798 | 41.46% | 71.69% | 755 | – | – | – | – | 2,690 | 892 | – | – | – | – | – | 4,337 | ||
| Sudbury | NOR | Con | Con | 3,551 | 40.59% | 142 | 1.62% | 67.63% | – | – | – | 1,789 | – | 3,409 | 3,551 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,749 | ||
| Timiskaming | NOR | Con | Con | 3,092 | 35.84% | 77 | 0.89% | 70.81% | – | – | 3,015 | – | – | 2,520 | 3,092 | – | – | – | – | – | 8,627 | ||
| Toronto NE - A | TOR | Con | Con | acclaimed | |||||||||||||||||||
| Toronto NE - B | TOR | Con | Con | 13,495 | 44.59% | 5,323 | 17.59% | 56.95% | – | 2,910 | – | – | – | 5,685 | 13,495 | – | 8,172 | – | – | – | 30,262 | ||
| Toronto NW - A | TOR | Con | Con | 18,797 | 53.93% | 2,741 | 7.86% | — | – | – | – | – | – | 16,056 | 18,797 | – | – | – | – | – | 34,853 | ||
| Toronto NW - B | TOR | Con | Lib | 18,522 | 50.80% | 585 | 1.60% | — | – | – | – | – | – | 18,522 | 17,937 | – | – | – | – | – | 36,459 | ||
| Toronto SE - A | TOR | Con | Lib | 10,037 | 38.43% | 4,585 | 17.55% | — | – | – | – | – | – | 10,037 | 5,452 | 1,063 | – | – | – | – | 26,119 | ||
| Toronto SE - B | TOR | Con | Lib | 10,508 | 66.92% | 5,313 | 33.84% | — | – | – | – | – | – | 10,508 | 5,195 | – | – | – | – | – | 15,703 | ||
| Toronto SW - A | TOR | Con | Lib | 16,555 | 63.86% | 7,186 | 27.72% | 54.34% | – | – | – | – | – | 16,555 | 9,369 | – | – | – | – | – | 25,924 | ||
| Toronto SW - B | TOR | Con | Lib | 12,428 | 46.88% | 4,800 | 18.10% | 55.57% | – | 6,457 | – | – | – | 12,428 | 7,628 | – | – | – | – | – | 26,513 | ||
| Victoria North | CEN | Con | UFO | 3,348 | 57.94% | 918 | 15.88% | 69.02% | 3,348 | – | – | – | – | – | 2,430 | – | – | – | – | – | 5,778 | ||
| Victoria South | CEN | Con | UFO | 2,452 | 68.97% | 1,349 | 37.94% | 82.03% | 2,452 | – | – | – | – | – | 1,103 | – | – | – | – | – | 3,555 | ||
| Waterloo North | MWO | Con | I-Lib | 5,354 | 34.62% | 2,141 | 13.85% | 74.15% | 2,211 | 3,213 | – | – | – | 2,974 | 1,487 | – | – | 5,354 | – | 225 | 15,464 | ||
| Waterloo South | MWO | Con | F-Lab | 8,074 | 55.49% | 4,238 | 29.12% | 78.62% | – | – | 8,074 | – | – | 3,836 | 2,641 | – | – | – | – | – | 14,551 | ||
| Welland | HAM | Con | Lib | 5,183 | 49.03% | 1,743 | 16.49% | 95.96% | 1,949 | – | – | – | – | 5,183 | 3,440 | – | – | – | – | – | 10,572 | ||
| Wellington East | MWO | Lib | UFO | 3,279 | 45.08% | 908 | 12.48% | 82.86% | 3,279 | – | – | – | – | 1,623 | 2,371 | – | – | – | – | – | 7,273 | ||
| Wellington South* | MWO | L-Tmp | Con | 4,362 | 36.70% | 120 | 1.01% | — | – | – | 3,060 | – | – | 4,242 | 4,362 | – | – | – | – | 223 | 11,887 | ||
| Wellington West | MWO | Con | UFO | 3,379 | 54.60% | 569 | 9.20% | — | 3,379 | – | – | – | – | – | 2,810 | – | – | – | – | – | 6,189 | ||
| Wentworth North | HAM | Con | UFO | 4,634 | 72.21% | 2,851 | 44.42% | 76.21% | 4,634 | – | – | – | – | – | 1,783 | – | – | – | – | – | 6,417 | ||
| Wentworth South | HAM | Con | UFO | 2,642 | 34.62% | 311 | 4.07% | 74.29% | 2,642 | – | – | – | – | 1,995 | 2,331 | – | – | – | 664 | – | 7,632 | ||
| Windsor | SWO | Lib | Lib | 10,874 | 63.59% | 4,649 | 27.18% | 72.11% | – | – | – | – | – | 10,874 | 6,225 | – | – | – | – | – | 17,099 | ||
| York East | CEN | Con | Con | 8,962 | 36.85% | 1,672 | 6.87% | 68.47% | 7,290 | – | – | – | – | 6,926 | 8,962 | 1,144 | – | – | – | – | 24,322 | ||
| York North | CEN | Con | Con | 4,139 | 38.10% | 286 | 2.63% | 83.24% | 2,869 | – | – | – | – | 3,853 | 4,139 | – | – | – | – | – | 10,861 | ||
| York West | CEN | Con | Con | 10,436 | 37.54% | 2,113 | 7.61% | 67.24% | – | – | 8,323 | – | – | – | 10,436 | 4,935 | 4,087 | – | – | – | 27,781 | ||
(* - on recount; ‡ - recount requested but subsequently abandoned)
- = incumbent re-elected under the same party banner
- = returned by acclamation
- = incumbency arose from byelection gain
- = incumbent switched allegiance for 1919 nomination
- = other incumbents renominated
- including spoilt ballots
The robustness of the margins of victory for each party can be summarized in electoral pendulums. These are not necessarily a measure of the volatility of the respective riding results. The following tables show the margins over the various 2nd-place contenders, for which one-half of the value represents the swing needed to overturn the result. Actual seat turnovers to the opposition parties in the 1919 election are noted for reference.
- = seats that opposition parties gained in the election
Post-election pendulum - 1919 Ontario general election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The result was highly skewed as a result of the way the ridings were drawn up. The Ottawa Journal noted, "The arrangement of electoral districts in Ontario (and throughout Canada) is such that a farmer’s vote has practically twice the effect of the vote of any person resident in cities or large towns. Ottawa, for instance, with 110,000 population elects two members to the Ontario Legislature; Carleton County on one side with 20,000 people elects one member; Russell County on the other side has a population of 40,000 and elects one member."[17]
The UFO emerged from the vote with the largest bloc of seats, joining the eleven Labour MLAs to form a coalition government. Liberal-UFO MLA David James Taylor of Grey North, "Soldier" MLA Joseph McNamara of Riverdale and Labour-UFO MLA Karl Homuth of Waterloo South were also members of the governing caucus giving Drury's coalition 58 seats in total, a slight majority.
The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Hartley Dewart, increased the size of its caucus by a small number, despite turning over more than half the seats held. The Conservative Party lost ground to all other parties, despite receiving the most votes.
The election had several sweeping results:[7]
- only about two dozen MPPs from the previous Legislative Assembly were re-elected;
- notably, Conservative William Hearst was defeated by a Labour candidate;
- Beck and Proudfoot were also defeated by Labour candidates, despite the decision of the Conservatives and Liberals not to contest the seats;
- three clergymen were elected;
- eighteen returned soldiers were elected; and
- all anti-Prohibition candidates were defeated.
Upon hearing the news of the Conservative defeat, Hearst noted:
I will not make any prophecy as to what will take place. I thought the Government was going to sweep the country, and I was not alone in that, for a great many Liberals who were supporting me thought so, too. The Temperance Act no doubt had a great deal to do with my defeat, but I did what I felt was right, and if I had it to do over again, I would do the same thing.[18]
Three days after the election, James J. Morrison, Secretary of the UFO, reported on the way he had addressed the need to form a working majority in the chamber. He released the following statement:
The members-elect of the United Farmers of Ontario, after due consideration of the matter, have decided that it would be unwise for them to enter into alliance with either of the old Parties as parties. They are prepared to assume the fullest share of responsibility and form a Government in co-operation with such members of other parties as are in sympathy with their platform and principles and are free to give support thereto. In the formation of a Cabinet full consideration will be given to the various interests of the Province.[19]
Ernest C. Drury agreed to lead the new government as Premier of Ontario,[19][20] and a UFO-Labour coalition cabinet was formed.[21] Although he was Vice-President of the UFO,[8] Drury had not been a candidate in the election[8] and had to run in a by-election to enter the legislature following his appointment to the office of Premier.
| Political party | Party leader | MPPs | Votes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidates | 1914 | Dissol. | 1919 | ± | # | % | ± (pp) | |||
| UFO-Labour Coalition | ||||||||||
| █ United Farmers | – | 66 | – | 2 | 44 | 44 |
248,274 | 20.97% | New | |
| █ Labour | Walter Rollo | 21 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 10 |
107,588 | 9.09% | 7.75 | |
| █ Farmer–Labour | 5 | – | – | 1 | 1 |
27,841 | 2.35% | New | ||
| █ Farmer-Liberal | 2 | – | – | 1 | 1 |
7,448 | 0.63% | New | ||
| █ Soldier | 2 | – | – | 1 | 1 |
9,618 | 0.81% | New | ||
| Coalition Total | 58 | 400,679 | 33.85% | |||||||
| Liberal | Hartley Dewart | 66 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 3 |
301,995 | 25.51% | 12.41 | |
| Conservative | William Hearst | 103 | 84 | 79 | 25 | 59 |
403,655 | 34.09% | 19.78 | |
| Independent Liberal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |
5,354 | 0.45% | 0.01 | ||
| Liberal-Temperance | – | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
Did not campaign | ||||
| Independent | 14 | – | – | – | – | 48,244 | 4.07% | 3.08 | ||
| Independent Conservative | 3 | – | – | – | – | 14,213 | 1.20% | 0.81 | ||
| Soldier–Labour | 2 | – | – | – | – | 9,088 | 0.77% | New | ||
| Socialist | 3 | – | – | – | – | 637 | 0.05% | 0.87 | ||
| Total | 288 | 111 | 111 | 111 | 1,183,955 | 100.00% | ||||
| Blank and invalid ballots | 50,810 | |||||||||
| Registered voters / turnout | 1,443,746 | 85.53% | 21.10 | |||||||
| Party | Seats | Votes | Change (pp) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coalition | 58 / 111 | 33.85% | 32.51 | 32.51 | ||
| Liberal | 27 / 111 | 25.51% | -12.41 | |||
| Conservative | 25 / 111 | 34.09% | -19.75 | |||
| Temperance factions | 0 / 111 | 0.00% | -3.97 | |||
| Other | 1 / 111 | 6.55% | 3.62 | 3.62 | ||
Results by riding
Italicized names indicate members returned by acclamation. Two-tone colour boxes indicate ridings that turned over from the 1914 election, eg,
|
|
Huron Centre: John M. Govenlock
Toronto Southwest - B: John Carman Ramsden
|
Analysis
| Party | Acc | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| █ United Farmers | 44 | 12 | 9 | 1 | |||
| █ Labour | 11 | 6 | 3 | 1 | |||
| █ Farmer–Labour | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||
| █ Farmer-Liberal | 1 | 1 | |||||
| █ Soldier | 1 | 1 | |||||
| █ Liberal | 27 | 21 | 17 | 1 | |||
| █ Conservative | 4 | 21 | 59 | 18 | 1 | ||
| █ Independent-Liberal | 1 | ||||||
| █ Independent | 4 | 8 | 2 | ||||
| █ Independent-Conservative | 2 | 1 | |||||
| █ Soldier–Labour | 1 | 1 | |||||
| █ Socialist | 2 | ||||||
| Totals | 4 | 107 | 107 | 59 | 9 | 1 | |
| Party | UFO | Lab | F-Lab | Lib | Con | Ind | Ind-Con | S-Lab | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| █ United Farmers | 1 | 4 | 38 | 1 | |||||
| █ Labour | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | |||||
| █ Farmer–Labour | 1 | ||||||||
| █ Farmer-Liberal | 1 | ||||||||
| █ Soldier | 1 | ||||||||
| █ Liberal | 8 | 2 | 17 | ||||||
| █ Conservative | 4 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 1 | |||
| █ Independent-Liberal | 1 | ||||||||
| Totals | 12 | 6 | 2 | 21 | 59 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |
| Parties | Seats | |
|---|---|---|
| █ United Farmers | █ Conservative | 42 |
| █ Liberal | █ Conservative | 29 |
| █ Liberal | █ United Farmers | 12 |
| █ Labour | █ Liberal | 6 |
| █ Labour | █ Conservative | 4 |
| █ Labour | █ Independent | 3 |
| █ Conservative | █ Farmer–Labour | 2 |
| █ Conservative | █ Independent | 1 |
| █ Conservative | █ Independent-Conservative | 1 |
| █ Farmer–Labour | █ Liberal | 1 |
| █ Farmer-Liberal | █ Conservative | 1 |
| █ Independent-Liberal | █ Labour | 1 |
| █ Labour | █ Soldier–Labour | 1 |
| █ Soldier | █ Labour | 1 |
| █ United Farmers | █ Independent-Conservative | 1 |
| █ United Farmers | █ Labour | 1 |
| Total | 107 | |
Seats that changed hands
| Party | 1914 | Gain from (loss to) | 1919 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UFO | Lab | F-Lab | F-Lib | Sol | Lib | Con | I-Lib | L-Tmp | |||||||||||||
| █ United Farmers | – | 10 | 34 | 44 | |||||||||||||||||
| █ Labour | 1 | 3 | 7 | 11 | |||||||||||||||||
| █ Farmer–Labour | – | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| █ Farmer-Liberal | – | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| █ Soldier | – | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Liberal | 24 | (10) | (3) | 16 | (1) | 1 | 27 | ||||||||||||||
| Conservative | 84 | (34) | (7) | (1) | (1) | (1) | 1 | (16) | (1) | 1 | 25 | ||||||||||
| Independent-Liberal | 1 | (1) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Liberal-Temperance | 1 | (1) | – | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 111 | – | (44) | – | (10) | – | (1) | – | (1) | – | (1) | 14 | (17) | 61 | (2) | 1 | (1) | 1 | – | 111 | |
There were 77 seats that changed allegiance in the election:
(* - open seats, # - byelection gains held, ^ - change of affiliation)
(Riding names in italics did not have Liberal candidates. Riding names in bold did not have Conservative candidates.)
| Source | Party | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UFO | Lab | F-Lab | F-Lib | Soldier | Lib | Con | Ind-Lib | Total | ||
| Seats retained | Incumbents returned | 1 | 8 | 14 | 23 | |||||
| Open seats held | 1 | 4 | 5 | |||||||
| Byelection loss reversed | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Acclamation | 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| Seats changing hands | Incumbents defeated | 23 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 46 | ||
| Open seats gained | 19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 27 | ||||
| Byelection gain held | 2 | 2 | 4 | |||||||
| Change in affiliation | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Total | 44 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 27 | 25 | 1 | 111 | |
Notable groups of candidates
| Party | Riding | Candidate | Military rank | Votes | Placed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative | Kingston | Arthur Edward Ross* | Brigadier-General | Acclaimed | ||
| Leeds | Andrew Wellington Gray | Major | 4,351 | 1st | ||
| Parkdale | William Herbert Price* | Colonel | 11,091 | 1st | ||
| Peel | Thomas Laird Kennedy | Colonel | 4,562 | 1st | ||
| Port Arthur | Donald McDonald Hogarth* | Brigadier-General | 2,578 | 1st | ||
| Timiskaming | Thomas Magladery* | Captain | 3,092 | 1st | ||
| Toronto Northeast - B | Joseph Thompson | Captain | 13,495 | 1st | ||
| Wellington South | Caleb Henry Buckland† | Captain | 4,362 | 1st | ||
| Liberal | Algoma | Kenneth Spencer Stover | Lieutenant | 2,272 | 1st | |
| Cochrane | Malcolm Lang* | Major | 2,951 | 1st | ||
| Hastings West | Edward O'Flynn | Lieutenant-Colonel | 4,647 | 2nd | ||
| Middlesex East | Bart Robson | Lieutenant-Colonel | 2,500 | 2nd | ||
| Sudbury | Robert Arthur | Lieutenant-Colonel | 3,409 | 2nd | ||
| Toronto Northwest - B | Henry Sloane Cooper | Lieutenant-Colonel | 18,522 | 1st | ||
| Toronto Southwest - B | John Carman Ramsden | Captain | 12,428 | 1st | ||
| Windsor | James Craig Tolmie † | Major | 10,874 | 1st | ||
| Soldier | Hamilton East | Maurice Fitzgerald | Captain | 2,146 | 3rd | |
| Riverdale | Joseph McNamara | Sergeant-Major | 7,472 | 1st | ||
| Soldier-Labour | Hamilton East | Samuel Landers | Lieutenant | 8,424 | 2nd | |
| Wentworth South | Samuel Wilkinson | 664 | 3rd | |||
| United Farmers | Grey Centre | Dougall Carmichael | Lieutenant-Colonel | 4,363 | 1st | |
| York East | George Little | Captain | 7,290 | 2nd | ||
| Independent | Kenora | Harold Arthur Clement Machin *‡ | Lieutenant-Colonel | 895 | 2nd | |
| Independent Conservative | Norfolk South | Arthur Clarence Pratt *‡ | Colonel | 1,954 | 2nd | |
| Toronto Northeast - B | Kelly Evans ‡ | Lieutenant-Colonel | 8,172 | 2nd | ||
(* - incumbent; † - chaplain; ‡ - Anti-Prohibition)
| Riding | Candidate | Votes | Placed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ottawa West | █ Independent | Justenia Sears | 2,723 | 4th |
| Toronto Northeast - B | █ Liberal | Henrietta Bundy | 5,685 | 3rd |
| Party | Riding | Candidate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative | Addington | William David Black | |
| Hastings North | John Robert Cooke | ||
| Kingston | Arthur Edward Ross | ||
| Toronto Northeast - A | Henry John Cody | ||
Cooke was the only acclaimed candidate who had not previously been an incumbent.[25]
Notes
References
- "1919 General Election". Elections Ontario. Elections Ontario. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- Bradburn, Jamie (May 3, 2018). "The year the UFOs came to power in Ontario". tvo.org.
- The Ontario Franchise Act, 1917, S.O. 1917, c. 5, s. 4
- The Women's Assembly Qualification Act, 1919, S.O. 1919, c. 8
- Hopkins 1920, pp. 650–651.
- Hopkins 1920, p. 651.
- Hopkins 1920, p. 661.
- Hopkins 1920, p. 655.
- Strange, Carolyn (2005). "Dewart, Herbert Hartley". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Hopkins 1920, pp. 654–655.
- Hopkins 1920, p. 657.
- Hopkins 1920, p. 658.
- Hopkins 1920, p. 652.
- Hopkins, J. Castell (1917). The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1916. Toronto: The Annual Review Publishing Co. Ltd. pp. 532–540.
- "An Old Bone Gnawed Dry". Toronto World. October 15, 1919. p. 6.
- Miller, Scott (2019). "Devil Copper: War and the Canadian Nickel Industry, 1883–1970" (PDF). Canadian Military Journal. 20 (1): 31–39. at 34
- Hopkins 1920, p. 665.
- Hopkins 1920, pp. 665–666.
- Hopkins 1920, p. 667.
- "Simcoe County Farmer is the Unanimous Choice as Ontario's Next Premier". Toronto World. October 30, 1919. p. 1.
- Hopkins 1920, pp. 668–669.
- Hopkins 1920, pp. 660–661.
- "No Party has Majority in the new Legislature". The Daily British Whig. Kingston. October 21, 1919. p. 1.
- Scollie 2012, pp. 2, 9–13.
- "Many Factions Going to Polls". The Daily British Whig. Kingston. October 14, 1919. p. 1.
- "Return from the Records of the General Election to the Legislative Assembly in 1919". Ontario Sessional Papers, 1920, No.51-79. Toronto: King's Printer. 1919.
- Hopkins, J. Castell (1920). The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1919. Toronto: The Annual Review.
- Piva, Michael J. (1977). "Workers and Tories: The Collapse of the Conservative Party in Urban Ontario, 1908-1919" (PDF). Urban History Review (3–76): 23–39.
- Scollie, Frederick Brent (2012). "The Woman Candidate for the Ontario Legislative Assembly, 1919-1929" (PDF). Ontario History. 104 (2): 1–27.
- Tennyson, Brian Douglas (1969). "The 1919 General Election in 1919: The Beginnings of Agrarian Unrest". Journal of Canadian Studies. 4 (1): 26–36. doi:10.3138/jcs.4.1.26.