The year 1926 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

• March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts. This was considered by some to be the start of the space age, although his rocket did not reach outer space.^[1]

• American microbiologist Selman Waksman publishes Enzymes.
• The Quarterly Review of Biology is established by Raymond Pearl in the United States.

• Waldo Semon and the B.F. Goodrich Company develop a method of plasticizing polyvinyl chloride, giving it commercial potential.
• Graham Edgar originates the octane rating system for automotive fuel.^[2]
• Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust) is first synthesized.

• Vladimir Vernadsky popularises the concept of the biosphere in a book (in Russian) of this title.

• May 12 – Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile and crew fly over the North Pole in the airship Norge.

• Otakar Borůvka publishes Borůvka's algorithm, introducing the greedy algorithm.^[3][4][5][6]

• First vaccine for pertussis.
• American biogerontologist Raymond Pearl publishes his book Alcohol and Longevity^[7] demonstrating that drinking alcohol in moderation is associated with greater longevity than either abstaining or drinking heavily.^[8]
• Finnish physician Erik Adolf von Willebrand first describes Hereditär pseudohemofili ("Hereditary pseudohemophilia"),^[9] later known as Von Willebrand disease.
• German-Jewish dermatologist Walter Freudenthal gives the earliest clear histopathological description of keratoma senile (actinic keratosis), distinguishing it from verruca senilis (seborrheic keratosis), in Breslau.^[10]
• The description 'glioblastoma multiforme' is introduced by Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing.^[11]

• Wasaburo Oishi first describes the jet stream.^[12]

• Gerhard Heilmann publishes The Origin of Birds (in English) on bird evolution.

• Wolfgang Pauli uses Werner Heisenberg's matrix theory of quantum mechanics to derive the observed spectrum of the hydrogen atom.

• January 26 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrates his pioneering greyscale mechanical television system (which he calls a "televisor") at his London laboratory for members of the Royal Institution and a reporter from The Times.^{[13][14][15][16]}
• February – Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda publish the first description of the Yagi–Uda antenna.
• June 28 – A patent for an electric percussion fuse for explosive projectiles, invented by Herbert Rühlemann, is filed in Germany.
• July
  • Alan A. Griffith publishes An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design, proposing an airfoil shape for turbine blades.^[17][18]
  • Carl Zeiss, Jena, open a planetarium housed in a geodesic dome designed by Walther Bauersfeld.^[19]
• November 23 – The aerosol spray can is patented by Erik Rotheim, a Norwegian chemical engineer.^[20]
• The Einstein refrigerator is invented by Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard.
• Ulster-born engineer Harry Ferguson is granted a British patent for his 'Duplex' hitch linking tractor and plough.
• German engineer Andreas Stihl patents and develops an electric chainsaw.^[21]

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Jean Baptiste Perrin
  • Chemistry – Theodor Svedberg
  • Medicine – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger^[22]
• Copley Medal: Frederick Hopkins
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Henry Fairfield Osborn

• January 11 – Lev Dyomin (died 1998), Soviet Russian cosmonaut.
• January 29 – Abdus Salam (died 1996), Punjabi theoretical physicist.^[23]
• February – David Medved (died 2009), American physicist.
• March 7 – Margaret Weston (died 2021), English electrical engineer and Director of the Science Museum, London.
• April 3 – Gus Grissom (died 1967), American astronaut.^[24]
• May 1 – Eva Siracká (died 2023), Slovak physician
• May 8 – David Attenborough, English broadcaster and naturalist.
• May 17 – Franz Sondheimer (died 1981), German-born British chemist
• June 19 – Erna Schneider Hoover, American computer technologist.
• June 23 – Lawson Soulsby (died 2017), English parasitologist.
• July 27 – W. David Kingery (died 2000), American materials scientist specializing in ceramic materials.
• July 31
  • Bernard Nathanson (died 2011), American medical doctor and activist.
  • Hilary Putnam (died 2016), American philosopher, mathematician and computer scientist.
• August 11 – Sir Aaron Klug (died 2018), Lithuanian-born British biophysicist and chemist.
• September 4 – George William Gray (died 2013), Scottish chemist, discoverer of stable liquid crystal materials leading to the development of liquid-crystal displays.
• September 7 – Donald Pinkel (died 2022), American pediatric hematologist and oncologist.
• September 15 – Jean-Pierre Serre, French mathematician.
• October 2 – Michio Suzuki (died 1998), Japanese mathematician.
• October 12 – Ruth L. Kirschstein (died 2009), American pathologist and science administrator at the National Institutes of Health.
• October 31 – Narinder Singh Kapany (died 2020), Punjabi-born physicist.
• November 29 – Dilhan Eryurt (died 2012), Turkish astrophysicist.
• December 10 – Neena Schwartz (died 2018), American endocrinologist.

• March 5 – Clément Ader (born 1841), French engineer and inventor, airplane pioneer.
• April 11 – Luther Burbank (born 1849), American plant breeder.
• May 8 – Stephen Paget (born 1855), English surgeon.
• July 21 – Washington Roebling (born 1837), American civil engineer.
• September 23 – Paul Kammerer (born 1880), Austrian Lamarckian biologist (suicide).
• October 7 – Emil Kraepelin (born 1856), German psychiatrist.
• October 10 – Clara H. Hasse (born 1880), American botanist.
• October 19 – Victor Babeș (born 1854), Romanian physician and bacteriologist.
• November 26 – John Browning (born 1855), American firearms designer.