The 1948 Miami hurricane (Air Weather Service designation: Fox)[1] caused no fatalities in Florida, despite moving across the Miami area as a hurricane.[2] The ninth tropical storm and fifth hurricane of the 1948 season, the storm developed from a large low pressure area over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October3. The storm intensified into a tropical storm early the next day and a hurricane several hours later. Fox then significantly deepened, peaking with winds of 125mph (201km/h) early on October5. Around that time, Fox made landfall in eastern Pinar del Río Province of Cuba. Fox crossed the island and emerged into the Straits of Florida. Late on October5, the hurricane struck Bahia Honda Key, Florida, with winds of 105mph (169km/h) and two hours later, hit Flamingo. Fox emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Lauderdale early on October6. The storm moved northeastward and later curved to the east-northeast. Late on October7, Fox made landfall on Bermuda with winds of 105mph (169km/h). Fox weakened over the next several days and later executed a large cyclonic loop. By October16, it became extratropical while well east-southeast of Newfoundland.
Quick Facts Meteorological history, Formed ...
Hurricane Nine (Fox)
Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on October6
In Cuba, homes and cattle were swept away by flash flooding. Eleven deaths and about 300injuries were attributed to the tropical cyclone. Damage in the country reached about $6million. The storm brought strong winds to Florida, with a sustained wind speed of 122mph (196km/h) at Naval Air Station Key West. Heavy rainfall exceeding 9.5in (240mm) in Miami and three tornadoes also contributed to the damage in South Florida. Throughout the state, 674homes were severely damaged or destroyed, while 45other buildings were demolished. Overall, damage in Florida reached $5.5million and there were no deaths, but 36injuries, none of which were serious. In Bermuda, buildings were unroofed and the sides of some structures were knocked down. Electrical light wires and telephone lines were toppled across the island. Damage totaled over $1million.
Meteorological history
A very large but weak and elongated low pressure area first noted over the Intertropical Convergence Zone on October1 developed into a tropical depression around 12:00UTC on October3,[3] while situated about 55mi (89km) southeast of the Swan Islands.[4] The storm intensified into a tropical storm early on October4 and was designated as Tropical Storm Fox by the Air Weather Service in real time,[1][4] although the name Fox is not included in HURDAT.[4] Several hours later, the storm intensified into a Category1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. A reconnaissance flight into the hurricane late on October4 indicated winds near the center estimated at 90mph (140km/h). Early the following day, Fox became a Category2 hurricane. At 06:00UTC the system peaked as a Category3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 125mph (201km/h). About an hour later, Fox made landfall at the same intensity in eastern Pinar del Río Province of Cuba. Shortly before 12:00UTC on October5, the storm emerged into the Straits of Florida.[4] Prior to reanalysis in 2014, it was thought that Fox briefly strengthened into a Category4 hurricane with winds of 130mph (210km/h), but reanalysis instead revealed that the storm weakened to 125mph (201km/h) because the aforementioned wind speed was a gust rather than a sustained wind.[3]
Fox weakened while moving northeastward and fell to Category2 hurricane intensity by 18:00UTC, at which time it made landfall on Bahia Honda Key, Florida, with winds of 105mph (169km/h). Continuing northeastward, the hurricane struck near Flamingo about two hours later at the same intensity. While passing near Miami early on October6, Fox briefly weakened to a Category1 hurricane. Shortly thereafter, it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Lauderdale and quickly re-strengthened to a Category2 hurricane. After brushing Grand Bahama island, the storm continued on its northeasterly trajectory into the open sea, until curving east-northward on October7.[4] Around 12:00UTC, a ship observed a barometric pressure of 971mbar (28.7inHg), the lowest in relation to the cyclone.[3] Ten hours later, Fox made landfall on Bermuda with winds of 105mph (169km/h). The storm fell to Category1 early on October8 and to tropical storm status after about 24hours. Fox then meandered out in the central Atlantic for several days and executed a large cyclonic loop between October11 and October14. Fox turned northward on October14 and began to accelerate. After curving northeastward, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on October16 while located about 535mi (861km) east-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[4] The remnants were absorbed by a cold front several hours later.[3]
Impact
The storm brought strong winds to Cuba, with a wind gust of 132mph (212km/h) in Havana. The city suffered considerable damage,[3] forcing police to patrol for looters.[5] Nearly all of the city was left without electricity.[6] In some portions of the neighborhood of Miramar, flooding was reported. Trees were felled onto Paseo del Prado, a famous street in Havana.[7] In other parts of the city, falling trees and rubble also disrupted transportation.[6] There were heavy crop losses in Havana and Pinar Del Rio provinces,[3] where several rivers overflowed their banks.[5] Homes and cattle were swept away by flash flooding.[8] Overall, the hurricane left eleven fatalities,[3] three of them due to houses collapsing on their occupants.[7] Additionally, there were about 300injuries and an estimated $6million in damage.[3] After the storm, Cuban PresidentRamón Grau, President-elect Carlos Prío Socarrás, and Major General Genovevo Pérez Dámera – Chief of Staff of the Army – assessed damage in the Havana area and developed plans for recovery.[9]
The hurricane, reminiscent of Hurricane Floyd in 1987, produced minimal damage in the Florida Keys.[13] Strong winds were reported at some islands, with winds well over 100mph (160km/h) observed on Bahia Honda Key.[3] At the Naval Air Station Key West on Boca Chica Key, several buildings were deroofed.[14] The cyclone produced a storm surge of 4.5ft (1.4m) on Biscayne Bay. Rainfall exceeded 9.5in (240mm) at the Miami airport station, inundating many streets in the city and in Hialeah, Homestead, Miami Beach, Miami Springs. In Hialeah, the city mayor reported water depths of 3.5ft (1.1m) in the streets. A Miami bridge, located near the Miami River, was damaged by a loose barge during the hurricane. Planes were overturned and damaged by strong winds at the Tamiami Airport.[15] Electrical outages occurred in Miami as power lines snapped due to the wind. In Miami Beach, a fire that broke out during the storm severely damaged a meat market and destroyed a photo shop.[16] Prior to landfall, the hurricane produced three tornadoes, all of which attained the equivalence of F2 intensity on the modern Fujita scale.[17] A tornado destroyed three homes in the city of Opa-locka, where damage reached $15,000. The tornado flipped cars and inflicted extensive damage at the Royal Palm dairy farm.[15][17][18]
Another tornado touched down just south of Pompano Beach demolished 25homes and left $100,000 in damage and seven injuries.[17][18] Forty-four minutes later, a third tornado struck homes west of Fort Lauderdale. One building, containing two stories, lost its roof, while five homes incurred damage. Barns were damaged or destroyed. Losses reached $15,000.[17]West Palm Beach observed wind gusts up to 62mph (100km/h).[19] The hurricane caused no fatalities across the state, which the Weather Bureau considered unusual due to the storm's path over the densely populated Miami metropolitan area.[2] The passage of hurricane in September, which had resulted in pre-existing damage, mitigated the destruction from the October hurricane.[15] Overall, 36homes were destroyed and 638others suffered serious impact, while 45buildings were demolished and 50others experienced damage. Total losses in Florida reached $5.5million, which included $3.5million to property, $1.5million to crops, $400,000 to electricity and communications, and $100,000 to roads.[2]
In the Bahamas, wind gusts reached 110mph (180km/h) on Grand Bahama.[3] Bermuda was also impacted by the hurricane, with strong winds blowing roofs off buildings, including a portion of the roof on the House of Assembly of Bermuda, and the sides of some structures were knocked down. Electrical light wires and telephone lines were down across the island. Kindley Air Force Base and the U.S. Naval Base received minimal damage. Damages exceeded $1million.[20]
Report on the 1948-49 Post-Analysis Program of the Air Force Hurricane Office (Air Weather Service Technical Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Air Weather Service. 1949.
Christopher W. Landsea; etal. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
"Million Damage Done by Bermuda Hurricane". The Bridgeport Telegram. Hamilton, Bermuda. Associated Press. October 9, 1948. p.11. Retrieved February 26, 2016– via Newspapers.com.
Share this article:
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article 1948_Miami_hurricane, and is written by contributors.
Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.