Internal conflict

During a party secretariat meeting on 21 August 2019, senior leader Madhav Kumar Nepal issued a note of dissent regarding the divided party and criticized the two co-chairmen: KP Sharma Oli, the then prime minister, and Pushpa Kamal Dahal. Nepal's grievances with party leadership included their inability to expediently complete the merger between the former CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre), the two parties that had combined to form the NCP.^[8] He also criticized Oli for not following the "One Leader, One Position" policy that the party had campaigned on and called for Oli to either resign as party leader or as prime minister.^[8][9][10] Another meeting took place on 21 November 2019, when the party decided on moving forward with two party leaders, with Dahal holding the position of executive head of the party. The meeting also resulted in an agreement to allow Oli to complete his full term as prime minister.^[11][12]

Another disagreement arose when factions in the party did not favor a grant that the government had previously negotiated with the United States under the Millennium Challenge Corporation.^[13][14] The issue was resolved after a task force formed by the party decided to not endorse the proposed agreement as is.^[15]

Criticism by party members led the Prime Minister Oli to reshuffle his cabinet in November 2019.^{[16][17][18][19]}

In February 2020, Bam Dev Gautam was appointed as the party's vice-chairman after the party's central committee amended the party statute.^[20] Party co-chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Madhav Kumar Nepal criticized the Oli government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, and leaders within the party urged senior leadership to call a meeting of the secretariat to discuss the government's work.^[21][22] At the meeting of the secretariat, some leaders called on Oli's resignation, but a later meeting decided to allow Oli to stay on after he agreed to work under the party's instructions and let Dahal perform his duties as the party's executive leader.^[23][24]

In August 2020, a panel tasked to resolve the party's internal dispute proposed that a national convention be held in April 2021 regarding party unity, a recommendation which was endorsed by the party's standing committee.^[25][26]

Another cabinet reshuffle was done on 16 October 2020, and Oli was criticized by the party for not consulting them.^[27]

On 14 November 2020, co-chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal presented a political document at a party secretariat meeting that accused KP Sharma Oli of not following the party's directions, unilaterally leading the government and turning a blind eye towards corruption.^[28] In response, Oli attacked Dahal for not letting him run the government, promoting factionalism and nepotism, as well as preventing victims of the Nepalese Civil War from getting justice.^[29][30]

Vertical split in NCP

On 20 December 2020, KP Sharma Oli called on President Bidhya Devi Bhandari to dissolve the House of Representatives and call for fresh elections.^[31] In an address to the nation, Oli claimed that he dissolved the house because the party had not let him function as prime minister, and that a no-confidence motion was being prepared against him from within the party.^[32] The decision was met with criticism within the party, and seven ministers close to the Dahal–Nepal faction in his cabinet resigned in protest.^[33]

In December 2020, Oli called a meeting of central committee leaders close to him and added 556 new members to the existing 446-member central committee body. The new central committee was to organize a party unity convention in November 2021. The meeting also removed Narayan Kaji Shrestha as party spokesperson and replaced him with Pradeep Gyawali.^[34][35]

At the same time as Oli expanded the central committee with his allies, the Dahal–Nepal faction of the party also organized its own central committee meeting with 310 members of the original central committee and replaced Oli as party co-chairman with Madhav Kumar Nepal.^[36] The meeting also decided to protest against the government to restore the House of Representatives.^[37][38]

Election Commission registry

After the merger of the CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre), the NCP registered with the Election Commission of Nepal on 7 June 2018 under the name "Nepal Communist Party (NCP)". While the nascent party attempted to register under "Nepal Communist Party", the Election Commission of Nepal had refused their application since there was already a party with that name, the Nepal Communist Party, a small group led by Rishi Kattel.^[39][40][41] To get around the issue, the NCP added "(NCP)" to the end of its name,^[42] which lead the party to become colloquially known as the "NCP Double".^[43]

Following the split between the Oli and Dahal–Nepal factions, the Election Commission declined to recognize either faction as the legitimate holders of the NCP's registration.^[44] On 8 March 2021, Nepal's Supreme Court stated that the allocation of the name "Nepal Communist Party" upon the merger of the CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre), and by extension the merger itself, was void ab initio, as the name was already allotted to the party led by Kattel, and that the NCP stood "dismissed".^[42][45] Upon the ruling, the CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre) were revived in their state prior to the merger, although they could merge again if they wanted and followed procedure.

2021 vertical split

On 18 July 2021, 22 members of the House of Representatives from the CPN (UML) voted for Sher Bahadur Deuba as prime minister, defying the party whip.^[50]

As a result, dispute rose among former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and KP Sharma Oli due to Madhav's faction supporting the government despite the party being in the opposition. On 18 August 2021, Madhav Kumar formed a new party called the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist).^[51]

Former prime minister Jhalanatha Khanal, party vice presidents, and as many as 31 members of parliament (MPs) joined the new party. This constituted a split from the top to lower-level committees of the party.^[4]

2021 minor splits

A minor group led by senior vice president Bamdev Gautam left the party on 4 September 2021.^[7][52] Currently, they have registered a new party called the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity National Campaign).^[53][54]

Another minor group, led by Hridayesh Tripathi along with MPs Brijesh Kumar Gupta and Ishwar Dayal Mishra also split away on 26 August 2021 and formed the People's Progressive Party.^[55]

Changes in legislatures

Dissolution and reinstatement of parliament

President Bidya Devi Bhandari dissolved the House of Representatives per advice of the prime minister KP Sharma Oli on 20 December 2020.^[58][59][60] Due to internal conflict in the ruling Nepal Communist Party (NCP), Oli recommended the dissolution before a no-confidence motion could be passed.^[61] The dissolution was challenged in the Supreme Court of Nepal, which passed a verdict reinstating the House of Representatives on 22 February 2021.^[62]