Proboscidean research

• Yaghoubi et al. (2024) describe fossil material of "Mammut" cf. obliquelophus from the Miocene fossiliferous areas of Maragheh (Iran), extending known geographical range of this taxon.^[1]
• Evidence from the study of molars of Notiomastodon platensis from Brazilian Quaternary fossiliferous assemblages, interpreted as indicating that N. platensis was susceptible to tartar development, is presented by Paiva, Alves-Silva & Barbosa (2024).^[2]
• A study on the histology of a rib of a specimen of Stegodon florensis florensis from the So'a Basin (Flores, Indonesia) is published by Basilia et al. (2024), who interpret the histology of the bone tissue as possibly indicative of a relatively long lifespan of the studied individual.^[3]
• Pineda et al. (2024) study the assemblage of straight-tusked elephant remains from the Notarchirico site (Italy), and argue that the available evidence does not supporth the interpretation of the studied site as the elephant butchery area.^[4]
• Evidence from tooth enamel of a straight-tusked elephant specimen from the MIS 12 site Marathousa 1 (Greece), interpreted as indicating that the studied individual (as well as the hominins that processed its carcass) lived in stable environmental conditions with sufficient plant cover and limited seasonality, is presented by Roditi et al. (2024).^[5]
• Rowe et al. (2024) use isotopic and genetic data from a tusk of a female woolly mammoth from the Swan Point Archaeological Site (Alaska, United States) to trace the studied individual's lifetime movements, interpret their findings as indicative of movement of the studied individual approximately 1000 km northwest in the middle of her life, and compare the range of movement of the studied mammoth with the distribution of early archaeological sites in Alaska, arguing that early North Americans likely settled in the territories frequently used by mammoths.^[6]
• A review of the dwarf Sardinan mammoth species Mammuthus lamarmorai is presented by Palombo, Zedda and Zomboli (2024).^[7]

Sirenia research

• Mamdouh et al. (2024) describe fossil material of members of the genus Protosiren representing the first sirenians reported from the Eocene (Bartonian) ornamental limestone from the Eastern Desert (Egypt).^[8]

Miscellaneous afrotherian research

• Vitek & Princehouse (2024) evaluate classification criteria used to assign individual molars to serial position in fossil hyracoids.^[10]

Primate research

• A study on the frequency of caries in strepsirrhines and on implications for determining diet and health of fossil members of the group, based on data from extant strepsirrhines, Karanisia clarki and Megaladapis madagascariensis, is published by Selig et al. (2024).^[11]
• Bouchet et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Pliobates cataloniae, and interpret this primate as a member of Pliopithecoidea belonging to the family Crouzeliidae.^[12]
• Revision of the fossil material of Old World monkeys from the Pliocene Mount Galili Formation (Ethiopia), indicative of closer similarity of the studied faunal assemblage to monkey assemblages from the Kanapoi and Gona localities than to the one from Aramis, is published by Reda et al. (2024).^[13]
• Alba et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Anoiapithecus brevirostris from the Miocene strata of the Abocador de Can Mata sequence in the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Spain).^[14]
• A study on the inner ear and probable locomotion of Lufengpithecus is published by Zhang et al. (2024), who report that Lufengpithecus and other Miocene stem apes had the bony labyrinth morphology intermediate between that of gibbons and great apes, and argue that stem apes shared a common pattern of locomotion that combined aspects of the locomotor behaviors of gibbons and chimpanzees.^[15]
• A study on tooth enamel thickness and distribution in Lufengpithecus lufengensis is published by Zhang et al. (2024), who find enamel of Lufengpithecus to be thicker than those of orangutans and gorillas, but thinner than those of Homo erectus and modern humans.^[16]
• A study on the timeline and causes of extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki is published by Zhang et al. (2024), who use data from caves in the Chongzuo and Bubing Basin (China) to establish a regional window of extinction of G. blacki at 295.000–215.000 yers ago, and interpret the demise of G. blacki as caused by inability to adapt to changes in forest structure resulting from increased seasonality.^[17]
• A sample of possible teeth of Pongo devosi is described from the Zhongshan Cave by Liang et al. (2024), representing fossil material of the smallest fossil orangutans from southern China reported to date.^[18]

General paleoanthropology

• Evidence indicating that patterns of speciation and extinction of members of the genus Homo differed from those of other hominins is presented by van Holstein & Foley (2024).^[19]
• Braga & Grine (2024) describe new fossil material of Paranthropus robustus from the Kromdraai fossil site (South Africa), providing information on the anatomy of previously unknown portions of the juvenile cranium of P. robustus, and interpret the studied fossil as consistent with the presence of a significant sexual dimorphism in the studied species.^[20]
• Claims that the Melka Kunture site-complex (Ethiopia) includes Oldowan and early Acheulean material which is approximately 2.0-1.9 million-years-old, presented by Mussi et al. (2023)^[21] and Muttoni et al. (2023),^[22] are contested by Gossa et al. (2024).^[23]
• Finestone et al. (2024) report the discovery of a new, approximately 1.7-million-years-old Oldowan locality Sare-Abururu (Homa Peninsula, Kenya), interpret the stone tools from this locality as indicating that hominins from Sare-Abururu were skilled knappers using quartz pebbles to produce flakes with sharp cutting edges, and report evidence of different raw material utilization and composition of stone tool assemblages from different Oldowan localities, likely related to differences of local landscapes and ecology.^[24]
• Evidence indicating that dental changes associated with later members of the genus Homo were not present in Homo habilis is presented by Davies et al. (2024).^[25]
• A study on the histology of teeth of Homo naledi, providing evidence of enamel growth resembling the one seen in modern humans, is published by Mahoney et al. (2024).^[26]
• Delezene et al. (2024) interpret low degree of morphological variation between teeth of different individuals of Homo naledi as consistent with the interpretation of known sample of fossils of H. naledi as including few or no individuals of one sex.^[27]
• A study on enamel formation in Homo naledi, providing evidence of short episodes of distress resulting from disease and longer periods of distress redulting from a season of undernutrition, is published by Skinner et al. (2024).^[28]
• Garba et al. (2024) determine the oldest stone tools from the Korolevo site (Ukraine) to be approximately 1.42 million years old, making the studied tools the earliest securely dated evidence of hominin presence in Europe reported to date.^[29]
• Ma et al. (2024) report evidence of the use of prepared-core technique at the Cenjiawan site in the Nihewan Basin (China), and interpret this finding as indicating that hominins with advanced technologies might have been present in high latitude East Asia as early as 1.1 million years ago.^[30]
• Review of developments in the study of Paleolithic bone knapping tool industries in the preceding years is published by Parfitt & Bello (2024), who reevaluate evidence of the presence of bone knapping tools at the Acheulean Horse Butchery Site (Boxgrove, West Sussex, United Kingdom) and at the Magdalenian Gough's Cave site (Somerset, United Kingdom).^[31]
• A study on the morphological variation of the calvaria of Middle Pleistocene hominins from Africa and Eurasia with uncertain affinities is published by Hautavoine et al. (2024), who report that, in the general, the studied fossils from Africa tend to share closer affinities with Homo ergaster and Homo sapiens and the Eurasian specimens with Neanderthals, but also report that some of the studied specimens do not follow this general pattern, and interpret their findings as suggesting that multiple hominin populations with different affinities might have contributed to the emergence of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.^[32]
• Review of genetic differences among Neandertals, Denisovans and modern humans, and of the impact of gene flow between archaic and modern humans on their physiology, is published by Zeberg, Jakobsson & Pääbo (2024).^[33]
• Pablos & Arsuaga (2024) study the anatomy of tarsals, metatarsal bones and foot phalanges of Middle Pleistocene hominins from the Sima de los Huesos site (Spain), found to be generally more robust than corresponding bones of extant and fossil Homo sapiens, and interpret the anatomy of the studied bones as supporting the placement of the Sima de los Huesos hominins as the sister evolutionaty group of Neanderthals.^[34][35]
• Review of the anatomy of the thorax and lumbar spine of the hominins from the Sima de los Huesos site is published by Gómez-Olivencia & Arsuaga (2024).^[36]
• A study on wooden artifacts from Schöningen 13 II-4 (Germany) is published by Leder et al. (2024), who report evidence of the presence of at least 20 hunting weapons as well as evidence of the presence of artifacts which were likely domestic tools, indicating that Schöningen was not only a hunting or butchering site but also a place for domestic activities of the hominins that produced the artifacts.^[37]
• Riga et al. (2024) provide evidence of the presence of a hominin with a more archaic metatarsal morphology compared to Neanderthals at the Sedia del Diavolo site (Italy), which might indicate coexistence of at least two hominin clades in the Italian Peninsula during the beginning of Marine Isotope Stage 8.^[38]
• A study on cut marks on a hyena phalanx bone from the Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter (Spain) is published by Moclán et al. (2024), who interpret the studied cut marks as evidence of skinning of the hyena pelt by Neanderthals.^[39]
• Sedrati et al. (2024) report the discovery of Late Pleistocene footprints from a rocky beach in Larache (Morocco) representing the oldest known footprints produced by Homo sapiens reported from Northern Africa and the Southern Mediterranean.^[40]
• Evidence from the Shinfa-Metema 1 site (Ethiopia) indicative of intensive riverine-based foraging approximately 74,000 years ago, likely aided by adoption of the bow and arrow, is presented by Kappelman et al. (2024), who argue that adaptation to foraging along dry-season waterholes might have facilitated human dispersal out of Africa.^[41]
• A study on the mechanical properties of tool-stones from the Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa) is published by Schmidt et al. (2024), who argue that the Middle Stone Age people selected specific rocks that allowed the best trade-off between the expected properties of tools made from the rocks and the ease of acquiring rocks and producing tools.^[42]
• Evidence from the study of ancient and present-day genomes and paleoecological models, interpreted as indicating that the Iranian Plateau likely acted as the hub for Homo sapiens during early phases of migration out of Africa and colonisation of Eurasia, is presented by Vallini et al (2024).^[43]
• Paquin et al. (2024) use habitat suitability models for the Aurignacian technocomplex (interpreted as a proxy for the large scale dispersal of anatomically modern humans into Europe) to determine the impact of climate change and variability on human dispersals into Europe during the Marine Isotope Stage 3.^[44]
• Evidence from the study of human remains from the Ilsenhöhle site in Ranis (Germany), interpreted as indicating that Homo sapiens reached parts of Europe north of the Alps by 45,000 years ago, is presented by Mylopotamitaki et al. (2024);^[45] Pederzani et al. (2024) interpret people from Ilsenhöhle as living in environment characterized by temperatures substantially below modern-day conditions,^[46] while Smith et al. (2024) report evidence interpreted as indicative of low-intensity use of the site, consistent with small, mobile groups occupying different localities for a short time, and indicative of low dietary variability, with a diet based on large terrestrial mammals.^[47]
• Yang et al. (2024) identify an Initial Upper Paleolithic assemblage at the Shiyu site in northern China, providing evidence of expansion of Homo sapiens into eastern Asia by about 45,000 years ago, as well as evidence of development of advanced cultural behaviours by people from the studied site.^[48]
• A study on five Paleolithic sites from the western Hisma Basin (Jordan) is published by Kadowaki et al. (2024), who find that in the studied area a major increase in the cutting-edge productivity happened after the shift from the Levallois technology to the blade technology in the Initial Upper Paleolithic (i.e. after the conventional Middle-Upper Paleolithic boundary), coinciding with the development of bladelet technology in the Early Upper Paleolithic instead, and argue that the Middle-Upper Paleolithic cultural transition was not a single sudden replacement.^[49]
• Conard & Rots (2024) describe a perforated baton made from mammoth ivory from the Hohle Fels Cave (Germany), and interpret is as a probable Aurignacian rope making tool.^[50]
• Baker et al. (2024) study personal ornaments of European hunter-gatherers living between 34,000 and 24,000 years ago, and interpret them as indicative of existence of nine distinct cultural entities during the time of the existence of the Gravettian technocomplex.^[51]
• Evidence from the eastern seaboard of Australia, interpret as indicative of human occupation by 30,000 years ago and possibly as early as 49,000–45,000 years ago, is presented by Adams et al. (2024).^[52]
• Hawkins et al. (2024) report the discovery of remains of a man and a woman interred in a single grave from the Ratu Mali 2 site (Kisar, Indonesia) which are at least 14.7-thousand-years-old, representing the oldest human burials with established funerary rites from Wallacea reported to date.^[53]
• A study aiming to identify settings viable for vertebrate and human populations in the north Pacific coast of North America during the growth and decay of the Cordilleran ice sheet, providing new age constraints for human coastal migration into North America, is published by Steffen (2024).^[54]
• The oldest evidence of the use of hare bone for bead production in western North America known to date is reported from the Clovis La Prele Mammoth site (Wyoming, United States) by Surovell et al. (2024).^[55]
• Troiano et al. (2024) report the discovery of an association of Early Cretaceous dinosaur tracks and petroglyphs from the Serrote do Letreiro Site (Brazil), and interpret the association as indicating that the engravers acknowledged at least the footprints of theropod dinosaurs and intentionally executed the petroglyphs around them.^[56]
• Remains of a stonewall, interpreted as most likely used as a driving lane for the reindeer hunt during the Younger Dryas or early Preboreal and thus representing one of the oldest known examples of hunting architecture worldwide and possibly the oldest man-made megastructure in Europe, are described from the Bay of Mecklenburg (Baltic Sea off the German coast) by Geersen et al. (2024).^[57]
• Evidence from ancient DNA from chewed pitch from the Mesolithic Huseby Klev site (Sweden), interpreted as indicating that people from this site suffered from dental diseases similar to modern periodontitis cases, is presented by Kırdök et al. (2024).^[58]
• A study on the genetic ancestries and social dynamics of Late Mesolithic individuals from Téviec, Hoedic and Champigny (France), representing some of the last Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in western Europe, is published by Simões et al. (2024), who report evidence of distinct social units of hunter-gatherers in Brittany that maintained intermarriage networks.^[59]
• Allentoft et al. (2024) present evidence from ancient genomes from Eurasia, interpreted as indicative of existence of a clear genetic division between Eurasian human populations living on the opposite sites of the boundary zone extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic which lasted throughout the Mesolithic and Neolithic, with large-scale shifts in genetic ancestry related to the arrival of the Early European Farmers visible only in the areas west of the boundary zone, and dissolving only after the spread of the Western Steppe Herders across western Eurasia.^[60]
• Morton-Hayward et al. (2024) compile an archive of human brains preserved in the archaeological record spanning approximately 12,000 years, identifying a total of 4405 preserved human brains, including 1308 brains preserved as the only soft tissue among skeletonized remains.^[61]

Rodent research

• Zack & Penkrot (2024) describe new fossil material of Lophiparamys debequensis from the Eocene Willwood Formation (Wyoming, United States), providing new information on the anatomy of this rodent and representing its first record from the Bighorn Basin.^[65]
• Halaçlar et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Hystrix primigenia from the Miocene Asartepe Formation (Turkey) and reevaluate the fossil material of members of the genus Hystrix from Turkey, arguing that Hystrix depereti is absent from the Late Miocene fossil record in Turkey.^[66]
• Taxonomic revision of fossils of members of the tribe Lemmini from the Early and Middle Pleistocene of Europe is published by Louis et al. (2024).^[67]

Miscellaneous euarchontoglires research

• Purported paromomyid "Arcius" ilerdensis is reinterpreted as a member of the family Apatemyidae and transferred to the genus Heterohyus by Beard & Métais (2024).^[68]
• A study on the affinities picrodontids, as indicated by the anatomy of the skull of Zanycteris paleocenus, is published by Crowell, Wible & Chester (2024), who argue that picrodontids were not stem primates or even euarchontans.^[69]
• Schap et al. (2024) report evidence indicative of a strong relationship of tooth crown height in extant African rodents and lagomorphs with annual precipitation (but not with mean annual temperature), and find that tooth crown height of rodents and lagomorphs from fossil sites in eastern Africa can be used to estimate past annual precipitation and shifting precipitation patterns.^[70]

Cetaceans

More information Name, Novelty ...

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Adicetus[71]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Figueiredo et al.	Miocene		Portugal	A member of the family Cetotheriidae. The type species is "Cetotherium" vandelli Van Beneden & Gervais (1871); genus also includes "Aulocetus" latus Kellogg (1941).
Aureia[72]	Gen. et sp. nov		Meekin, Fordyce & Coste	Oligocene	Otekaike Limestone Formation	New Zealand	A member of the superfamily Platanistoidea. The type species is A. rerehua.
Echericetus[73]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hernández-Cisneros et al.	Oligocene	El Cien Formation	Mexico	A member of the family Eomysticetidae. The type species is E. novellus.
Eolipotes[74]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kimura & Hasegawa	Miocene		Japan	A member of the family Lipotidae. The type species is E. japonicus.
Fucaia humilis[75]	Sp. nov		Tsai et al.	Eocene	Lincoln Creek Formation	United States ( Washington)	A member of the family Aetiocetidae.
Incakujira fordycei[76]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kimura & Hasegawa	Miocene	Pisco Formation	Peru	A rorqual.
Pebanista[77]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Benites-Palomino et al.	Miocene	Pebas Formation	Peru	A close relative of the South Asian river dolphin. The type species is P. yacuruna.
Tohoraonepu[78]	Gen. et sp. nov		Corrie & Fordyce	Oligocene	Kokoamu Greensand	New Zealand	A member of the family Kekenodontidae. The species species is T. nihokaiwaiu.

Close

Other artiodactyls

Carnivoran research

• A mandible of a probable member of the genus Magericyon, likely representing a new species, is described from the Miocene Linxia Basin (China) by Jiangzuo et al. (2024), expanding known diversity of amphicyonids from eastern Asia.^[106]
• Bartolini-Lucenti et al. (2024) present a virtual reconstruction of the lectotype specimen of Canis arnensis.^[107]
• A study on genomes of Japanese wolves and dogs is published by Gojobori et al. (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Japanese wolf was the closest known relative of the extinct gray wolf population which was ancestral to dogs, as well as indicative of an ancient genomic introgression from the Japanese wolf ancestry to dogs which likely happened before the dog's arrival in the Japanese archipelago.^[108]
• A study on the evolution of teeth of the giant panda is published by Jiangzuo et al. (2024), who find no evidence of significant differences between teeth of different members of the genus Ailuropoda, and argue that the basic function of the giant panda teeth was constant since the Early Pleistocene.^[109]
• Villalba de Alvarado et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of the Asian black bear from the Pleistocene sites in Spain, including postcranial remains which fit within the range of morphological variation of extant members of the species.^[110]
• Kastelic Kovačič et al. (2024) present a novel approach to sampling dental collagen which can be used to determine the diet and behavior of cave bears throughout their life, and apply their methods to cave bears remains from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia), interpreting their findings as indicative of differences in the carbon isotope values from tooth collagen of hibernating individuals and those that failed to hibernate, as well as indicating that the juvenile cave bears did not suckle milk after the first hibernation.^[111]
• Faggi et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Meles thorali from the Early Pleistocene locality Saint-Vallier (France), and interpret M. thorali as a taxon distinct from the European badger and closely related to Meles teilhardi.^[112]
• A study on the vertebral columns of extant pinnipeds and fossil stem pinnipeds, providing evidence of a shift from the evolution of diverse vertebral morphotypes to the constrained evolution of the vertebral column at the time of the major radiation of crown pinnipeds approximately 10–12 million years ago, is published by Esteban et al. (2024).^[113]
• Valenzuela-Toro, Gutstein & Suárez (2024) describe new fossil material of earless seals from the Bahía Inglesa Formation (Chile), including the first record of Hadrokirus martini outside Peru, a member of the genus Acrophoca morphologically distinguishable from A. longirostris, and four indeterminate seals with considerable morphological differences from known contemporaneous taxa.^[114]
• A study on the morphological diversity of the upper canine teeth of the saber-tooth feliforms is published by Shelbourne & Lautenschlager (2024).^[115]
• A study on teeth of members of the hyaenid lineages leading to the brown hyena and Pachycrocuta brevirostris and on their phylogenetic relationships is published by Pérez-Claros (2024), who interprets Pachycrocuta perrieri as ancestral to P. brevirostris in Eurasia and to the brown hyena in Africa, and proposes the inclusion the brown hyena and "Hyaena" prisca into the genus Pachycrocuta.^[116]
• A study on the cranial mechanics of Barbourofelis fricki and Smilodon fatalis is published by Figueirido, Tucker & Lautenschlager (2024), who interpret the skull of B. fricki as overall more stress-resistant than the skull of S. fatalis, with the latter taxon experiencing lower stresses only in a stabbing scenario, and interpret their findings as suggestive of different killing behavior of the studied taxa.^[117]
• Moretti et al. (2024) describe fossil material of a member of the genus Homotherium from the McFaddin Beach (Texas, United States), interpreted as likely originating from submerged deposits on the continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico that were exposed in the Late Pleistocene.^[118]
• A study on bending strength and stiffness changes during the eruption of the adult canines in Smilodon fatalis is published by Tseng (2024), who find evidence of decrease of bending stiffness of the adult canines during their eruption, but also finds that retention of the deciduous canines helped to effectively overcome the reduced bending stiffness of the adult canines.^[119]
• Jiangzuo et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Acinonyx pleistocaenicus from the Middle Pleistocene strata in Zhoukoudian and in the Jinyuan Cave (China), representing the latest and the largest-bodied member of the species; the authors consider A. pleistocaenicus to be a species distinct from Acinonyx pardinensis, and interpret Acinonyx intermedius as migrating from Africa into Asia around the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary and replacing A. pleistocaenicus.^[120]

Chiropteran research

• Giannini et al. (2024) study the flight capabilities of Onychonycteris finneyi and modeled intermediate bat forms, find O. finneyi to be capable of both gliding and flapping flight, and find the ability of the modeled intermediate forms to switch from gliding to flapping fight to be facilitated by denser atmosphere estimated for the Eocene.^[121]

Eulipotyphlan research

• Averianov & Voyta (2024) reinterpret fossil material of a putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei as a tooth of a Neogene shrew.^[123]
• Taxonomic revision of the fossil material of Late Pleistocene and Holocene shrews from the Koridornaya Cave (Russian Far East) is published by Omelko & Tiunov (2024).^[124]

Perissodactyl research

• A study on the ecology of Mesaceratherium paulhiacense and Protaceratherium minutum from the Miocene (Aquitanian) Ulm-Westtangente locality (Germany) is published by Hullot et al. (2024), who interpret their findings as indicative of different feeding preferences of the studied species.^[126]
• Li et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Pliorhinus ringstroemi from the Miocene deposits from the Linxia Basin (China), providing new information on the skeletal anatomy of this species, interpret P. ringstroemi as a distinct species related to P. megarhinus and P. miguelcrusafonti, and argue that Pliorhinus might have originated in Asia and migrated to Europe at the latest Miocene.^[127]
• A study on the ecology of members of the genus Coelodonta from East Asia, as inferred from stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from their remains, is published by Ma, Wang & Deng (2024), who report evidence of flexible foraging ecologies of Coelodonta nihowanensis in different environments it lived in, and interpret Coelodonta thibetana and the woolly rhinoceros as more likely to be grazers.^[128]
• A study on the fossil record of Miocene and Pliocene horses from the Upper Bone Valley Formation (Florida, United States) is published by Killingsworth & MacFadden (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that both sampling bias and ecological causes might be responsible for the presence or absence of different horse taxa at fossil sites.^[129]

Miscellaneous laurasiatherian research

• A study on changes in the skull and teeth of Coquenia bondi during its ontogeny is published by Deraco, Abdala & García-López (2024).^[130]
• Ferrero et al. (2024) describe fossil material of Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi from the Pliocene Tafna Formation, representing the first record of the genus Posnanskytherium from Argentina and the southernmost record of this genus reported to date.^[131]
• Description of bone pathologies of two specimens of Toxodon platensis, including the first report of osteomyelitis in a notoungulate, is published by Luna et al. (2024).^[132]
• Fernández-Monescillo & Tauber (2024) report evidence indicative of decline in the size and body mass in the last known population of Mesotherium cristatum from the Bonaerian of the Corralito site (Argentina), interpreted as related to environmental changes in South America during the Pleistocene which caused reduction of the distribution area of M. cristatum.^[133]
• Armella et al. (2024) describe new notoungulate material from the India Muerta Formation (Tucumán Province, Argentina), including fossils of two toxodontids, one mesotheriid and four hegetotheriids, and interpret the studied fossils as indicative of Tortonian age of the fossiliferous levels of the India Muerta Formation.^[134]
• 15 reports about exceptionally well-preserved paleoparadoxiid desmostylian from Gifu Prefecture, Japan are published, this specimen is called as “Paleoparadoxiid Mizunami-Kamado specimen”, known from Lower Miocene Shukunohara Formation. Reports include estimation of age, osteology, classification, accompanied biota, skeletal and life reconstructions.^[135]

Pilosan research

• Review of the nomenclatural history and authorship of Megalonyx and its type species is published by Babcock (2024).^[136]
• Fossil material of a probable previously unidentified ground sloth taxon belonging to the genus Nothrotherium is described from the Abismo Ponta de Flecha cave (São Paulo, Brazil) by Chahud et al. (2024).^[137]