World War II

The squadron was first activated at Houlton Army Air Base, Maine, a departure station for the North Atlantic ferrying route, in March 1942 as the 20th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron. The squadron was initially assigned directly to Air Corps Ferrying Command, but in June, Ferrying Command organized the 23d Army Air Forces Ferrying Wing to manage its units on the North Atlantic route and the squadron was reassigned to it. In March 1943, the squadron became the 20th Transport Squadron.^[2]

The squadron flew and managed the ferrying of various aircraft, including Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Lockheed P-38 Lightnings^[2][3] and participated in Operation Bolero, the buildup of United States forces in the United Kingdom.^[4] On 1 September 1943, the 20th disbanded^[2] and combined with support units at Houlton to form Station 3, North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command.^[5]

Strategic airlift

In 1952, Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced its Major Command controlled (four-digit) air transport squadrons with squadrons that had served during World War II. As part of this conversion, the 20th was reconstituted as the 20th Air Transport Squadron^{[note 1]} and absorbed the personnel and Douglas C-54 Skymasters of the 1257th Air Transport Squadron at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts in July 1952.^[2][6] The squadron's mission was to provide inter-theater and strategic airlift to Europe, North Africa and Canada.^[2]

The squadron was redesignated the 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy, on 18 April 1954, recognizing the squadron's transition into the larger Douglas C-124 Globemaster II.^[2][7] The 20th moved to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware on 15 May 1955 and became part of the 1607th Air Transport Group, located at Dover.^[2]

When MATS adopted the dual deputy organization, the 1607th Air Transport Group was discontinued and the squadron was assigned directly to the 1607th Air Transport Wing on 18 January 1963.^[8] The unit was briefly redesignated as the 20th Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy on 1 January 1965. It returned its designation to the 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy, on 1 July 1965 as the squadron transitioned to the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter. The Starlifter brought a mission change to that of providing worldwide airlift, which included support of operations in Southeast Asia.^[2]

In January 1966, Military Airlift Command replaced MATS. In this reorganization, the 436th Military Airlift Wing replaced the 1607th Air Transport Wing and the squadron was redesignated the 20th Military Airlift Squadron.^[2]

The next changes to the 20th would not take place until August 1973, when the squadron moved to Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina and was reassigned to the base's 437th Military Airlift Wing. At Charleston, the squadron provided support for the evacuation of South Vietnam in April 1975.^[2] The 20th took a number of contingency operations while located at Charleston, including Operation Urgent Fury, the invasion of Grenada from October through December 1983. In December 1989, the squadron provided airlift support for Operation Just Cause, the replacement of Manuel Noriega as the ruler of Panama. Starting in August 1990, the squadron deployed to support Operation Desert Shield and its support continued through the Gulf War until December 1991.^[2]

On 1 October 1991, the squadron was redesignated the 20 Airlift Squadron and reassigned to the 437th Operations Group. Two years later, the 20th relocated to Travis Air Force Base, California, where it was assigned to the 60th Operations Group as Travis's 60th Wing prepared to transition from an airlift to an air mobility wing the following year.^[2][9] The inactivation of the 20th Airlift squadron marked the end of the C-141 Starlifter era at Travis. The last Starlifter left Travis on 16 December 1997 and the squadron was inactivated shortly thereafter.^[10]

Assignments

• Air Corps Ferrying Command, 1 March 1942
• 23d Army Air Forces Ferrying Wing (later, North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command), 19 June 1942
• 1600th Air Transport Group, 20 July 1952
• 1607th Air Transport Group, 15 May 1955
• 1607th Air Transport Wing, 18 January 1963
• 436th Military Airlift Wing, 8 January 1966
• 437th Military Airlift Wing 1 August 1973
• 437th Operations Group 1 October 1991
• 60th Operations Group 1 October 1993 – 31 December 1997^[11][1]

Stations

• Houlton Army Air Base, Maine, 1 March 1942 – 1 September 1943
• Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts, 20 July 1952
• Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, 15 May 1955
• Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, 1 August 1973
• Travis Air Force Base, California, 1 October 1993 – 31 December 1997^[11][12][1]

Aircraft

• Various aircraft being ferried across the North Atlantic, 1942–1943
• Douglas C-54 Skymaster, 1952–1954
• Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1954–1965
• Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1965–1997^[11][1]

Awards and campaigns