Arabic_exonyms

Arabic exonyms

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This list of Arabic exonyms includes names that are significantly different from the names of the same places in other languages, as well as names of Arabic origin in countries (especially Spain) where Arabic is no longer spoken. Some of these exonyms are no longer in use, these are marked by italics.

Places not mentioned are generally referred to in Arabic by their respective names in their native languages, adapted to Arabic phonology as necessary.

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This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Arabic_exonyms, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

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Goldstein: Press 1 for English. The Dartmouth. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06 and can be viewed on 2018-05-22.

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The Wiktionary for النمسا

[4] [4]
These passages about Khān Bālq taken from al-Masalik website, which itself is taken from The Rihla, a travelogue written by Ibn Battuta. Archived version made in 31 Aug, 2018

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The Medieval World Through Muslim Eyes by Abdullah Ibrahim. Archived Version made in 26 Feb, 2020]

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The Wiktionary for الصين

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Yule, Henry (2005) [1915]. Cordier, Henri (ed.). Cathay and the Way Thither, pg.165. ISBN 81-206-1966-8

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These passages about Guangzhou taken from al-Masalik website, which itself is taken from The Rihla, a travelogue written by Ibn Battuta.

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The Mutual Civilizational Influences Between the Islamic World and China (المؤثرات الحضارية المتبادلة بين العالم الإسلامي والصين) by Ibrahim Muhammad, pg. 62.

[10] [10]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.211 This page about Guangzhou on Wikisource] QID:Q1089336

[11] [11]
Jawahir al-Kalam by Sheikh Muhammad Hasan an-Najafi, pg.145. Archived version made in 30 Nov, 2019]

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These passages about Quanzhou taken from al-Masalik website, which itself is taken from The Rihla, a travelogue written by Ibn Battuta.

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«al-'Afqusiyah (Nicosia): The name of the main city of Cyprus, it known in Roman(Latin) as 'Afaqadion', which means the most strategic area. I was told so by an Arabic man of Cypriot origin.» [الأَفْقُوسِيَة] part 1 pg 232, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.

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"بلاد الكرج وعلاقاتها مع القوى المجاورة (500- 658هـ/ 1106- 1260م)". Journal of the College of Basic Education. 22 (94/انساني). 2016.

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Everett-Heath, John (2020). "Tbilisi (Tbilisi), Georgia (Tiflis)". The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (6 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-190563-6. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021. The former name is the Persian pronunciation, which is also used by Russians and Armenians. The present Georgian spelling was adopted in 1936

[:80-19] [19]
Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition: "Tiflīs"

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Wiktionary for تفلیس

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W. Montgomery Watt; Pierre Cachia (2007). A History of Islamic Spain. Transaction Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-202-30936-1. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

[:68-22] [22]
Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. Iķrīṭish

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.596 QID:Q1089336

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Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.163 ISBN 977-14-7049-3. QID: Q114648616.

[:19-25] [25]
Agathae sub Alis

[:22-26] [26]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.758 QID:Q1089336

[:51-27] [27]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.752 QID:Q1089336

[:64-28] [28]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.754 QID:Q1089336

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.771 QID:Q1089336

[:62-30] [30]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.748 QID:Q1089336

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JEAN-CHARLES, JEAN-CHARLES (2012). "La France et les territoires avoisinants dans le Uns al-muhaǧ wa-rawḍ al-furaǧ." Journal Asiatique 300.1: 87–138. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[:23-32] [32]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.760 QID:Q1089336

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.632 QID 1089336

[34] [34]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.614 QID:Q1089336

[:81-35] [35]
The Wiktionary for Buscemi

[:49-36] [36]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.584 QID 1089336

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Ibn al-Shama' (ابن الشماع). Evidence of illumination in the glories of the Hafsid dynasty(الأدلة البينة النورانية في مفاخر الدولة الحفصية).

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Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 2, pg. 427, QID: Q20418218

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Vol. 16 (2016) Vera von Falkenhausen, Nadia Jamil, Jeremy Johns, The twelfth-century documents of St. George's of Tròccoli (Sicily)

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.608 QID:Q1089336

[:31-41] [41]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.600 QID:Q1089336

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Ahmed Tawfiq Al-Madani. Muslims in Sicily and southern Italy(المسلمون في جزيرة صقلية وجنوب إيطاليا). Al-Istiqama Library( مكتبة الاستقامة), Tunisia, 1365 HIjri (1945-1946), first edition.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.618 QID:Q1089336

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Talbi, Mohamed (1966). L'Émirat aghlabide, 184-296/800-909: histoire politique (in French). Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, Adrien-Maisinneuve. p. 494.

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Vasiliev, A.A. (1968), Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II, 1ére partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à L'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (867–959) (in French), French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard, Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales, p. 106

[:65-46] [46]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.753 QID:Q1089336

[47] [47]
Michele Amari's proposed etymology from عين القطّاع ʻAyn al-qaṭṭāʻ ('Spring of the [stone]-cutter") has been abandoned. See Ignazio Scaturro, Storia della città di Sciacca (1924), p. 195.

[:69-48] [48]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.585 QID:Q1089336

[:3-49] [49]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.615 QID 1089336

[50] [50]
“In the year 253 Hijri (867-868), Khafajah marched from Balram (Palermo) to the city of Saraqusah (Syracuse) and Qaṭāniyyah (Catania), ruining the land and destroyed its crops.” Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamal fi at-Tarikh.

[:1-51] [51]
Muhammad bin Abdul-Mun'im Al-Hamiri, الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار., p.465, QID 6417674

[:2-52] [52]
«Qaṭāliyyah (Catania): also known as Qaṭāniyyah, is an ancient city with churches furnished with speckled marble, it lies on the coast of the island of Siqilliya (Sicily) and sits at the foot of Jabal al-Nār (Mount Etna), it has an elephant statue made of stone and for that it is known as Madinat al-Fīl.» [قَطالِيَة] part 4 pg. 370, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.772 QID:Q1089336

[:8-54] [54]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.604 QID:Q1089336

[:67-55] [55]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.750 QID:Q1089336

[56] [56]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.620 QID 1089336

[57] [57]
"Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq p. 605 - volume 2 - al-Shamela library" Archived from the original in 2022-09-25.

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Petra Sijpesteijn. From al-Andalus to Khurasan: documents from the medieval Muslim world, page 88.

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John Follain (8 Jun 2009). The Last Godfathers. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-84894-249-3. Corleone, whose name is believed to derive from Kurliyun (Lionheart), an Arab fighter who conquered it in AD 840, has a proud tradition of standing up for its rights, and violently so...

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.629 QID:Q1089336

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.603 QID:Q1089336

[62] [62]
Khayr al-Din al-Zarkli, الأعلام, part 5 pg. 137.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.756 QID:Q1089336

[64] [64]
Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.279. ISBN 977-1470-49-3. QID 114648616.

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Ventura, Giuseppe. "Profilo storico". Comune di Gela (in Italian). Retrieved 20 February 2021.

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Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Īṭaliya

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Trabia, Carlo. "Discovering the Kalsa". Best of Sicily. Retrieved December 26, 2017.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.627 QID:Q1089336

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.742 QID:Q1089336

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Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 5, pg. 728, QID: Q20418218

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.601 QID:Q1089336

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"marsala | Origin and meaning of the name marsala by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. Retrieved 3 January 2018.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.595 QID 1089336

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«(...) and twelve miles from it to the anchorage of Messina (...)». Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq

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Chevedden, Paul E. (2010), "A Crusade from the First: The Norman Conquest of Islamic Sicily, 1060–1091", Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean, 22 (2): 191, doi:10.1080/09503110.2010.488891, S2CID 162316105

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Ibn Khaldun (Investigation: Abu Suhaib Al-Karmi). History of Ibn Khaldun. بيت الأفكار الدولية. Page 42.

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Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.165 ISBN 977-1470-49-3. QID 114648616.

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The Great Dictionary of the Arabic Language Academy in Egypt(المعجم الكبير لمجمع اللغة العربية في مصر), letter ب, pg. 520

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Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.164. ISBN 977-1470-49-3. QID 114648616.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.747 QID:Q1089336

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.998 QID:Q1089336

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Muhammad bin Abdul-Mun'im Al-Hamiri, الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار., p.280, QID 6417674

[:15-83] [83]
al-Kamal fi at-Tarikh by Ibn al-Athir. A copy was preserved at April 5, 2020 on the Wayback Machine.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq

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"Subh al-Asha fi Kitabat al-Insha (صبح الأعشى في كتابة الإنشا)" by al-Qalqashandi, part 5, pg. 374.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.749 QID:Q1089336

[digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk-87] [87]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.597 QID 1089336

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.764 QID 1089336

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.757 QID 1089336

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.628 QID 1089336

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«Tābarmīn (Taormina): a fortified castle in Sicily.» [طَبَرْمِين] part 4 pg 17, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.773 QID 1089336

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Muhammad bin Abdel Mun'im al-Hamiri, al-Rawd al-Matar fi Khabar al-Aqtar (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار), p. 382, QID:Q6417674

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.630 QID 1089336

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.738 QID:Q1089336

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Maroun Semaan Raad, مقام الأمير فخر الدين المعني في الغرب, pages 29 - 78 - 121, QID:Q117662668

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Ya'qub Sarkis, (1948), مباحث عراقية، شركة التجارة والطباعة المحدودة, part 2 pg. 157, QID:Q117662704

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Hussein bin Ali al-Kattani, (2020), تعداد المسلمين بالعالم, Beirut:دار الكتب العلمية, pg. 734, ISBN 978-2-7451-9728-3. QID:Q116973732.

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Muhammad Kurd Ali, (2022), الإسلام والحضارة العربية ,مؤسسة هنداوي, p.767, ISBN 978-1-5273-1373-6. QID:Q117662784.

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.765 QID 1089336

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Michele Amari, Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, volume 2, Florence, Felice Le Monnier, 1858.

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Christopher Gravett (1 July 2007). History of Castles, New and Revised. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-4617-4929-5.

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A Companion to Medieval Palermo: The History of a Mediterranean City. Leiden; Boston : Brill. 2013. ISBN 978-90-04-25253-0.

[Bodleian_Library_MS._Greaves_42-107] [107]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.587 QID:Q1089336

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Mohamed 'Itris (2001). "معجم بلدان العالم". Cairo, Dar al-Thaqafah for Publishing: 394. QID 116011554

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Afūqay al-Andalusi describes the Netherlands four centuries ago here on January 7-2013, a preserved copy on August 03, 2010 can be found on the Wayback Machine.

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Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 488, QID:Q20418218

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"Dicionário de Arabismos da Língua Portuguesa" by José Adalberto Coelho Alves

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alf%C3%A2ndega

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Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 2, pg. 395, QID:Q20418218

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Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 61, QID 114700810

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.547 QID 1089336

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Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 69, QID 114700810

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"Beja | Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia".

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Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 3, pg. 560, QID: Q20418218

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Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.726 QID 1089336

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Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié de la Société de Geographie , Paris: Société de Géographie, part 6 pg.26, QID:Q51524786

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Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 2, pg. 241, QID: Q20418218

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Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.176 ISBN 977-14-7049-3. QID: Q114648616.

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Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.172 ISBN 977-14-7049-3. QID: Q114648616.

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"Ulemas v1.7". http://www.eea.csic.es. Archived from the original on 2019-12-15 and 2019-06-12.

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«In the forty miles between al-Yusāna (Lucena) to the city of Cordoba the forts of Ḥiṣn Bulāy (Aguilar de la Frontera) and Ḥiṣn Munturk (Monturque) can be encountered, which are forts inhabited by Berbers since the days of the Umayyads.» - Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq

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Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 46, QID 114700810

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al-Maqri al-Tlemceni, Nafah at-Tayib min Ghusn al'Andalus ar-Ratib(نفح الطيب من غصن الأندلس الرطيب).

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«أُقْلِيشُ، بِالضَّمِّ: بلد، بِالأَنْدَلُسِ‌ ، مِنْ أَعْمَالِ شَنْتَمَرِيّةَ». al-Murtada al-Zubaidi. Taj al-'urus min Jawahir al-Qamus (تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس). section “Qalash (قلش)”

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Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 51, QID 114700810

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Ahmad Azawi, The Islamic West: During the 7th and 8th Centuries Hijri, a Study and Analysis of His Letters, pg. 217

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«أُبَّدَةُ», part. 1 pg. 64, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.

[273] [273]
Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization (موسوعة الحضارة الإسلامية). The Royal Society for Research in Islamic Civilization (Ahl al-Bayt Foundation). 1413 AH / 1993 AD. pg. 59.

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Marín, Manuela et al., eds. 1998. The Formation of Al-Andalus: History and Society. Ashgate. ISBN 0-86078-708-7

[275] [275]
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, v. 23 The Zenith of the Marwanid House, transl. Martin Hinds, Suny, Albany, 1990

[276] [276]
Shakib Arslan, الحلل السندسية في الأخبار والآثار الأندلسية, Dar Maktabat al-Hayah(دار مكتبة الحياة), part. 1, p. 338, QID: Q19453221

[277] [277]
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.727 QID:Q1089336

[278] [278]
Mahmoud Sheib Khattab (2003), Leaders of the Andalusian Conquest(قادة فتح الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 82, QID: Q113950705

[279] [279]
«سَرَقُسْطَةُ», part. 3 pg. 212, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.

[280] [280]
de la GRANJA, Fernando (1966). «La Marca Superior en la obra de al-'Udrí». La Marca Superior en la obra de al-'Udrí.

[281] [281]
Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 145, QID 114700810

[282] [282]
Muhammad Fareed Wajdi (1923). دائرة معارف القرن الرابع عشر-العشرين: قاموس عام مطول للغه العربية والعلوم النقلية والعقلية والكونية (Second edition) Twentieth Century Encyclopedia Press (مطبعة دائرة معارف القرن العشرين), Cairo: National Qatar Library(مكتبة قطر الوطنية), First volume, pg.353. Archived from the original l on 2018-06-16. "Sweden is a kingdom in northwest Europe on the Scandinavian peninsula, written by some Arabic writers as Asūj."

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Team, Almaany. "ترجمة و معنى أسوج بالإنجليزي في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1". http://www.almaany.com (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-27.

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Austria
English name	Arabic name	Endonym		Notes
English name	Arabic name	Name	Language	Notes
Austria	an-Namsā (النمسا)			Comes from the Ottoman Turkish نمچه‎ (nemçe, “Austrian”), which comes from the Proto-Slavic word němьcь, which means foreigner/non-Slav/German.^[1]^[2]^[3]

China
English name	Arabic name	Endonym		Notes
English name	Arabic name	Name	Language	Notes
Beijing	Khān Bālq (خان بالق)^[4]^[5] or Bekīn (بكين) or Beijīn/Beijīnq/Beijīngh (بيجين/بيجينق/بيجينغ)			Khān Bālq is the old medieval Arabic exonym for Beijing, it was named as such after the winter capital of the Mongolian Yuan dynasty, Khanbaliq, which is the direct predecessor to modern Beijing. Bekīn arouse from the French exonym Pékin, which itself came from the Portuguese exonym Pequim. The exonyms Beijīn, Beijīnq, and Beijīngh are the modern Arabic exonyms for Beijing, they come from the Mandarin name of the city and are often used interchangeably.
China	aṣ-Ṣīn (الصين)^[6] or Māṣīn (ماصين)^[7]			aṣ-Ṣīn is derived from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭‎ (čīn, “China”), from Sanskrit चीन (cīna, “China”), itself usually derived from Old Chinese 秦 (zin, “Qin”).^[6] Māṣīn* is derived from the Persian Machin (ماچين), itself derived from the Sanskrit Maha Chin meaning Great China.^[7] This exonym was rarely used.
Guangzhou	Ṣīn Kalan (صين كَلان)^[8]^[9] or Ṣīn aṣ-Ṣīn (صين الصين)^[8]^[9] or Ṣīniyat aṣ-Ṣīn (صينية الصين)^[10]^[9]			Ṣīn Kalan, Ṣīn aṣ-Ṣīn, and Ṣīniyat aṣ-Ṣīn are all derived from the Persian Machin (ماچين), itself derived from the Sanskrit Maha Chin meaning Great China. Kalan (كَلان) is also of Persian origin and translates to 'Large' or 'Great'.^[9]
Hangzhou	al-Khansā' (الخنساء)^[11]			al-Khansā' is the medieval Arabic exonym for the city of Hangzhou, it was named as such after the companion of Muhammad and famous female poet, Tumāḍir al-Khansā'. al-Khansā' translates to "snub-nosed", an Arabic epithet for a gazelle as metaphor for beauty.
Quanzhou	Madinat az-Zaytūn (مدينة الزيتون)^[12]			Madinat az-Zaytūn translates to 'City of the Olives' and is a calque of Quanzhou's former Chinese nickname Citong Cheng meaning "tung-tree city", which is derived from the avenues of oil-bearing tung trees ordered to be planted around the city by the city's 10th-century ruler Liu Congxiao.^[13]^[14]

Cyprus
English name	Arabic name	Endonym		Notes
English name	Arabic name	Name	Language	Notes
Nicosia	al-'Afqūsiyah (الأَفْقُوسِيَة)^[15] or Niqūsiah (نيقوسيا)			al-'Afqūsiyah (الأفقوسية) was the old Arabic name for Nicosia, and it originates from the Byzantine Greek name of the city, Λευκωσία (Lefkosia). Niqūsiah (نيقوسيا) is the Modern Arabic name for the city.

France
English name	Arabic name	Endonym		Notes
English name	Arabic name	Name	Language	Notes
Bay of Biscay	Bāhr al-Akhdar

Georgia
English name	Arabic name	Endonym		Notes
English name	Arabic name	Name	Language	Notes
Georgia	al-Kurj (الكُرج) or Bilād al-Kurj (بلاد الكُرج)^[16] or Kurjistan (كُرْجِسْتَان) or Jorjyah (جورجيا)			al-Kurj or Bilād al-Kurj (The Lands of Georgia) was the Arabic exonym for Georgia during medieval times, it most likely came from the Persian exonym for Georgia, Gorj (گرج), the name is still in use today although rarely Kurjistan was most likely borrowed from the Turkish exonym Gorjestân, which is of Persian origin, it most likely gained popularity during Ottoman rule. Jorjyah is currently the most widely used exonym, which comes from the European name for Georgia.
Tbilisi	Tiflīs (تفليس)^[17]^[18]^[19]			Comes from the Persian pronunciation of the name, Tiflis.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Arabic_exonyms

Arabic exonyms

Austria

China

Cyprus

France

Georgia

Germany

Gibraltar

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Malta

Montenegro

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

Sweden

Turkmenistan

See also

References

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Greece
English name	Arabic name	Endonym		Notes
English name	Arabic name	Name	Language	Notes
Greece	al-Yūnān (اليُونَان)			Comes from Old Persian 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (Yauna, “Ionia”), which references the Greek region of Ionia, that resides in modern-day Turkey.
Heraklion	Rabḍ al-Khandaq (ربض الخندق)^[22]			Given an Arabic name after its conquest, this name was then Hellenized as Χάνδαξ (Chándax) or Χάνδακας (Chándakas), and would remain until the 19th century when the city revived its ancient name Ηράκλειον (Heracleion).
Chania	al-Hānim (الهانم) or Khānia (خانيا)			al-Hānim (الهانم) is the Arabic name given to Chania after its conquest; this name was then Hellenized as Χανιά (Chania), and it is from which the modern Arabic exonym Khānia (خانيا) originates.

Italy
English name	Arabic name	Endonym		Notes
English name	Arabic name	Name	Language	Notes
Acireale	al-Yāj (الْياج) or Liyāj (لِياج)^[23]
Agira	Shant Fīlibb (شنت فيلب)			Arabized form of its old name San Filippo.
Alcamo	Manzil al-Qāmūq (منزل القاموق) or 'Alqāmāh (علقمة)^[24]			Manzil al-Qāmūq (House of al-Qāmūq) is the name Muhammad al-Idrisi wrote to be the original Arabic name of Alcamo, however the Arabs at the time referred to it as 'Alqāmāh. al-Qāmūq is the founder of Alcamo.
Alcara li Fusi	Al-Aqarāt			Founded with Arabic name
Alì	Ali (عَلِيّ)^[25]			One of the possible theories for the etymology of this town is the Arabic name Ali (عَلِيّ).^[25]
Alimena	Al-Imān			Founded with Arabic name
Aliminusa	Rakhbal Al-Mīnusa			Founded with Arabic name
Amalfi	Malf (ملف)^[26]
Ancona	'Ankūnah (أَنْكُونَة)^[27] or 'Anqūnah (أَنْقُونَة)^[28]
Apulia	Būlyah (بولية)^[29]
Aquileia	Iklāyah (إيكلاية)^[30] or 'Anklāyah (أنكلاية)^[31]
Bagheria	Bab al-Gharb (باب الغرب) or Baḥrīyah (بحرية)			Founded with Arabic name; either from Bab al-Garb (باب الغرب), 'Gate of the West', or from Baḥrīyah (بحرية), which means 'Sea' or 'Marine'.
Benevento	Binfint (بنفنت)^[24] or Binbint (بنبنت)^[32]
Borghetto	Al-Burjātah			Founded with Arabic name
Brindisi	'Abrinṭas (ابرنطس) or 'Abrindas (ابرندس)^[33]
Buscemi	Qalʿat ʾAbū Shāma (قلعة أبو شامة) or Qalʿat ʾAbī Shāma (قلعة أبي شامة)^[34]^[35]			Founded with Arabic name: 'The Fortress of the Man with the Mole'.^[35] Over the centuries the name has been Romanized as Abu Xamah or Abuxama or even Abisama. The Latinized version Buxemae and Bussemae, from the Norman period, however, is the one closest to today's form.
Cagliari	Qālmarah (قالمرة)^[36]
Calabria	Qalawriyah (قَلَوْرِيَة)^[37]^[38]
Calamonaci	Qalamūnash or Qal'at Mūn (قلعة مون) or Qal'at Mūnah (قلعة مونة)^[39]			Calamonaci has two possible etymologies: either from Qalamūnash, which itself is a derivation from the Greek Kalamiōn, or from Qal'at Mūn/Mūnah 'Fortress of Mūn/Mūnah'.^[39]
Calatafimi-Segesta	Qal'at Fīmī (قلعة فيمي)^[40]			Founded with Arabic name: 'Fortress of Fīmī'.
Caltabellotta	Qal'at al-Balūṭ (قلعة البلوط)^[41]			Founded with Arabic name: 'Fortress of The Oak'.
Caltagirone	Qal'at Ghīrān (قلعة غيران) or Qa'lat al-Jinūn (قلعة الجنون)			Founded with Arabic name. Was called Qal'at al-Jinūn (قلعة الجنون) during the Aghlabid period; also known as Ḥiṣn al-Jinūn ( حصن الجنون) or Ḥiṣn al-Jinawiyīn (حصن الجنويين), 'Fortress of the Genoese'. The name eventually became Qal'at Ghīrān (قلعة غيران), 'Fortress of Ghīran'
Caltanissetta	Qal'at an-Nisa' (قَلْعَةُ النِّسَاءِ)^[42]			Its original name was Castra Nicia; this name was then arabized into Qal'at an-Nisa' (قَلْعَةُ النِّسَاءِ) meaning 'Fortess of the Women'.
Caltavuturo	Qal'at Abī Thawr (قلعة أبي ثور)^[43]^[44]^[45]			Founded with Arabic name: 'Fortress of Abī Thawr'.
Camerino	Qamrīn (قَمْرِين)^[46]
Canicattì	Khandaq aṭ-Ṭīn (خندق الطين)^[47]			Founded with Arabic name: 'Trench of Mud'.
Caprera	Qabrīrah (قَبْرِيرَةُ)^[48]
Capri	Qabrah (قَبْرَةُ)^[48]
Capua	Qabwah (قَبْوَة)^[32]
Cassaro	al-Qaṣr (القصر)			Founded with Arabic name: 'the Castle'.
Castello di Mongialino [it]	Malja' Khalil (ملجأ خليل) or Manzil Malja' Khalil (منزل ملجأ خليل)^[49]			'Khalil's Shelter'.
Catania	Qaṭāniyyah (قَطَانِيَةُ)^[50]^[23]^[51]^[52] or Qaṭāliyyah (قَطَالِيَةُ)^[52]			The city was also known as Balad al-Fīl (بَلَد الفِيل)^[23] or Madinat al-Fīl (مَدِينَة الفِيل),^[51]^[52] meaning 'Land/City of the Elephant'.
Catanzaro	Qaṭanṣār (قطنصار)^[53]
Cefalà Diana	Jaflah (جفلة)^[54]
Città di Castello	Qaṣṭlu (قصطلو)^[30]
Civitavecchia	Jabt Bakkah (جبت بكّة)^[55]
Collesano	Qal'at aṣ-Ṣarāṭ (قلعة الصراط)^[56]			'Fortress of Ṣarāṭ'
Comacchio	Qamālqah (قمالقة)^[30]

Portugal
English name	Arabic name	Endonym		Notes
English name	Arabic name	Name	Language	Notes
Albufeira	al-Buḥayrah (البُحَيْرَة)			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Lake'.
Alcácer do Sal	Qaṣr 'Abi Dānis (قصر أبي دانس)^[110]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Castle of 'Abi Dānis
Alcoutim	al-Quṭāmi (القطامي)^[111]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Falcon'.
Alfândega da Fé	al-Funduq (الفندق)^[112]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Inn'.
Algarve	al-Gharb (الغرب)^[113]^[114]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The West'.
Aljezur	al-Juzur (الجزر)			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Islands'.
Almada	Ḥiṣn al-Mā'din (حصن المعدن)^[115]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Metal Fortress'.
Almeirim	Madinah al-Māryām			Founded with Arabic name
Almodôvar	al-Mudawwar (المُدَوَّر)^[116]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Round One'.
Beja	Bājah (باجة)^[117]			The town was known during the times of the Visigoths as Paca, this was then Arabized into Bājah (باجة) during Umayyad times, and eventually turned into its modern form Beja when the Christians took over.^[117]
Coimbra	Qulumriyah (قُلُمْرِيَة)^[118]^[119]^[120] or Qulunbariyah (قلنبرية)^[121]			Arabized form of its old Roman name Colimbria.
Faro	Shantamariat al-Gharb (شَنْتَمَرِيَّةُ الغرب)^[122]			'Santa Maria of the West'.
Fátima	Fāṭīmah (فاطمة)			Named after Fāṭīmah az-Zahra', the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Ossonoba	'Akshūnbah (أكشونبة)^[70]^[123]			Arabized form of its old Roman name Ossónoba.
Ourém	Abdegas			Abdegas was apparently name of the Muslim village on which the city of Ourém was founded, the Arabic pronunciation of the word is unknown.
Sacavém	Shaqabān (شقبان)
Silves	Shilb (شِلْب)^[123]
Tavira	Ṭabīrah (طبيرة)^[124]^[125]			Founded with Arabic name

Spain
English name	Arabic name	Endonym		Notes
English name	Arabic name	Name	Language	Notes
Aguilar de la Frontera	Ḥiṣn Bulāy (حصن بُلَاي)^[126]			'The Fortress of Bulāy'
Albacete	al-Basīṭ (ﭐَلبَسِيط)^[127]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Plain' or 'The Flat', referring to the flat plains around.^[127]
Albaicín	al-Bayyāzīn (ٱلْبَيّازِينْ)^[128]			Founded with Arabic name
Albaida	al-Baydā' (البيضاء)^[128]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The White'.
Albalá	al-Balāṭ (البلاط)^[129] or al-Ballā'a (البَلَّاعة)^[128]			Founded with Arabic name. al-Balāṭ 'The Tiles' or 'The Stones', in reference to the Roman road nearby al-Ballā'a 'The Gutter'.
Albarracín	Banī Rāzin (بَنِي رَزِينٍ) or Sahlat Banī Rāzin (سَهْلَةُ بَنِي رَزِينٍ)^[130] or Shantamariat ash-Sharq (شَنْتَمَرِيَّةُ الشَّرْقِ)^[130]			Named after the Hawwara Berber Banu Razin dynasty that ruled the Taifa of Albarracín in the early eleventh century, it was also known as 'Ibn Rāzin (ابن رزين)^[128] or as-Sahlah (السَّهْلَةُ)^[130] Before it was ruled by the Banu Razin, it was known Shantamariah (شَنْتَمَرِيَّةُ)^[131] or Shantamariat ash-Sharq (شَنْتَمَرِيَّةُ الشَّرْقِ),^[130] i.e. 'Santa Maria of the East'.
Alberite	al-Baldah (البلدة)			'The Town'. This is one of two theories for the etymology of the town, the other one being the Latin Alber-iter.
Alburquerque	Abu al-Qūrq or Baladiyat Abī al-Qūrq (بَلَدِيَّةُ أَبِي القُرْقِ)^[132]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Father of al-Qūrq' or ' The Town of the Father of al-Qūrq'.
Alcalá de los Gazules	Qal'at Jazūla (قلعة جزولة)^[133]^[134]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Fortress of Jazūla'.
Alcalá de Guadaíra	Qal'at Jābir (قلعة جابر)^[135]^[136]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Fortress of Jābir'.
Alcala de Henares	Qal'at Hināris (قلعة هنارس)^[137] or Madīnat al-Mā'idah (مدينة المائدة)^[137]
Alcántara	Qanṭarat as-Sayf (قَنْطَرَة السَّيْفِ) or al-Qanṭarah (القنطرة)^[138]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Arched Bridge of the Sword' or 'The Arched Bridge'.
Alcantarilla	Qanṭarat 'Ashkābah (قنطرة اشكابة)			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Arched Bridge of 'Ashkābah'
Alcañiz	al-Kanā'is (الكنائس)^[139]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Churches'.
Alcaraz	Jabal al-Karaz (جبل الكرز)^[138]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Mountain of Cherry'
Alcaucín	al-Qawsayn (القَوْسَيْنِ)			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Two Arches'.
Alcázar de San Juan	al-Qaṣr (القصر)^[140]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Castle'.
Alcazarén	al-Qaṣrayn (القَصْرَين)^[141]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Two Castles'.
Alcolea	al-Qulay'ah (القُلَيعة)			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Little Castle'.
Alcúdia	al-Qudiah (القودية) or al-Kudiah (الكُدية)^[142]^[143]			Founded with Arabic name, the name comes from the Maghrebi Arabic word al-Kidya (الكدية), which means 'The Plateau'.
Alcuéscar	Al-Qāwāsqar			Founded with Arabic name
Alfambra	al-Ḥamrāʼ (الْحَمْرَاء)^[144]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Red One'.
Alfamén	al-Ḥammām (الحمَّام)^[144]^[145] or al-Fahīmn (الفهيمن)^[146]			Founded with Arabic name, al-Ḥammām (الحمَّام) 'The Bathhouse'.
Alfarnate	al-Farnat (الفرنت)^[147]			Founded with Arabic name, 'Flour Mill'.
Algaida	al-Ghaīdah (الغَيضة)^[114]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Grove'.
Algarrobo	al-Kharrūbah (الخَرُّوبة)^[148] or al-Kharrūb (الخَرُّوب)^[114]			Founded with Arabic name
Algeciras	al-Jazīrah al-Khadrā' (الجزيرة الخضراء)^[149]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Green Island'.
Alhama de Murcia	al-Ḥammah (الحَمّة)^[150] or Ḥammat Mursiyah (حَمّة مرسية)			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Hot Springs' or 'The Hot Springs of Mursiyah'.
Alhambra	al-Ḥamrāʼ (الْحَمْرَاء) or al-Qalʻatu al-Ḥamrāʼ (الْقَلْعَةُ ٱلْحَمْرَاءُ)^[151]^[152]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Red One' or 'The Red Fortress'.
Alhaurín de la Torre	Burj al-Ḥawrīn (برج الحَورِيِّين)^[150]			Founded with Arabic name, 'Tower of the Hawwara'.
Alicante	Laqant (لقنت)^[123]^[153]^[154]^[155] or al-Qant (القنت)^[156]			Arabisation of the Latin Lucentum,^[157] which comes from the Greek Leuké ("white").
Almáchar	al-Makhar (المَخَر)^[158]			Founded with Arabic name
Almadén	al-Mā'din (المعدن)^[159]^[160]^[137]^[161]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Metal'.
Almansa	al-Manṣaf (المَنْصَف)^[162]^[163]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The area half-way through the road'.
Almassora	al-Manṣūrah (المنصورة) or al-Maḥṣūrah (المحصورة)^[164]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Victorious one'; named after the Andalusian military leader al-Manṣūr, while al-Maḥṣūrah translates to 'The Confined one'.
Almazán	al-Maḥṣan (المَحْصَن)^[165]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Fortified'.
Almenar	al-Manār (المَنار)^[164]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The Illuminated one'.
Almensilla	al-Manzilah (الَمنزِلَة)^[164]			Founded with Arabic name, 'The House'.