The Austin Motor Company A-series is a British small straight-4 automobile engine. Launched in 1951 with the Austin A30, production lasted until 2000 in the Mini. It used a cast-iron block and cylinder head, and a steel crankshaft with three main bearings. The camshaft ran in the cylinder block, driven by a single-row chain for most applications, and with tappets sliding in the block, accessible through pressed steel side covers for most applications, and with overhead valves operated through rockers. The cylinder blocks are not interchangeable between versions intended for conventional end-on mounted gearboxes and the 'in-sump' transaxle used on British Motor Corporation/British Leyland front wheel drive models such as the Mini. The cylinder head for the overhead-valve version of the A-series engine was designed by Harry Weslake – a cylinder head specialist famed for his involvement in SS (Jaguar) engines and several Formula One-title winning engines. Although a "clean sheet" design, the A-series owed much to established Austin engine design practise, resembling in general design (including the Weslake head) and overall appearance a scaled-down version of the 1200cc overhead-valve engine first seen in the Austin A40 Devon which would form the basis of the later B-series engine.

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BMC A series
Overview
Manufacturer	Austin Motor Company British Motor Corporation British Leyland Motor Corporation Rover Group MG Rover Group
Designer	Leonard Lord, Bill Appleby, Eric Bareham
Production	Longbridge, Cowley in UK between 1951 - 2000; Pamplona in Spain, NMQ (Nueva Montaña Quijano) between 1966 - 1975; Blackheath, Gauteng in South Africa between 1960 - 1980
Layout
Configuration	Inline-four engine, (Straight-three engine and Straight-twin in Prototype)
Displacement	803–1,275 cc (49.0–77.8 cu in)
Cylinder bore	57.92 mm (2.280 in) 62.43 mm (2.458 in) 62.9 mm (2.48 in) 64.58 mm (2.543 in) 70.6 mm (2.78 in)
Piston stroke	61.95 mm (2.439 in) 68.26 mm (2.687 in) 68.4 mm (2.69 in) 76.2 mm (3.00 in) 81.4 mm (3.20 in)
Cylinder block material	Cast iron
Cylinder head material	Cast iron, Aluminium
Valvetrain	OHV 2 valves/ cyl. in OEM versions, OHC 4 valves/cyl prototype and in racing.
Compression ratio	7.5:1, 8.3:1, 8.5:1, 8.8:1, 9.4:1, 10.5:1, 23.6:1 (Diesel)
Combustion
Supercharger	Shorrock and Eaton supercharger (racing only)
Turbocharger	Garrett T3 (1275 Turbo only)
Fuel system	SU carburettor or fuel injection
Management	Rover MEMS, Lucas, AE Brico, T.J Fuel Injection, Lucas CAV (Diesel Version)
Fuel type	Petrol, Diesel
Cooling system	Water-cooled
Output
Power output	28 to 96 bhp (21 to 72 kW; 28 to 97 PS)
Torque output	40 to 85 lb⋅ft (54 to 115 N⋅m)
Emissions
Emissions target standard	Euro 3 (MPi engine).
Chronology
Successor	Rover K-series engine, Tritec engine

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All engines had a cast iron head and block, two valves per cylinder in an OHV configuration and sidedraft SU carburettor. Engines were available in diesel in the BMC tractor.

All A-series engines up until mid-1970 were painted in British Standard (381c) 223 "Middle Bronze Green".^[1] This does not include overseas production models such as Australian manufacture. "Factory/dealer warranty replacement" units were painted black, these were primarily distributed for the failures common to the "wet crank" primary gear system in early Minis.

British Leyland was keen to update the old A-series design in the 1970s. However, attempts at replacement, including an aborted early-70s British Leyland 'K engine' (unrelated to the later Rover K series) and an OHC version of the A series, ended in failure. During the development of what was to become the Austin Metro, engineers tested the A series against its more modern rivals and found that it still offered competitive (or even class-leading) fuel economy and torque for its size. While in the 1970s the A series had begun to seem dated against a new generation of high-revving overhead cam engines, by the end of the decade a new emphasis on good economy and high torque outputs at low speeds meant that the A series's inherent design was still well up to market demands.

Given this, and the lack of funds to develop an all-new power unit, it was decided to upgrade the A-series unit at a cost of £30 million. The result was the 'A-Plus' Series of engines. Available in 998 and 1,275 cc (60.9 and 77.8 cu in), the A-Plus had stronger engine blocks and cranks, lighter pistons and improved piston rings, Spring loaded tensioner units for the timing chain and other detail changes to increase the service interval of the engine (from 6,000 to 12,000 miles (9,700 to 19,300 km)). More modern SU Carburettors and revised manifold designs allowed for small improvements in power without any decrease in torque or fuel economy. Many of the improvements learnt from the Cooper-tuned units were also incorporated, with A-Plus engines having a generally higher standard of metallurgy on all units, where previously only the highest-tuned engines were upgraded in this way. This made the A-Plus engines generally longer-lived than the standard A series, which had a life between major rebuilds of around 80,000 to 100,000 miles (130,000 to 160,000 km) in normal service. Studies were made into upgrading the engine to use five main crankshaft bearings but the standard three-bearing crank had proven reliable even in high states of tune and at high engine speeds, so it was not deemed worth the extra funding.

The new engines received distinctive 'A+' branding on their rocker covers and the blocks and heads were colour-coded for the different capacities: yellow for 998 cc (60.9 cu in) and red for 1,275 cc (77.8 cu in) engines.

The diesel version appeared in 1962, on the BMC Mini tractor. It was developed with the help of Ricardo Consulting Engineers. It was redesign of existing 948 cc version, new purpose-designed cylinder head, with Lucas CAV fuel injection. This engine has dry liners. The block is almost identical to the petrol engine. The oil pump has been removed from the camshaft and is driven by an extension to what would have been the distributor drive. It uses Ricardo-patented "Comet V" combustion chambers, with a compression ratio of 23.6:1. Produced 15 hp at 2500rpm and 38 lb⋅ft (52 N⋅m) torque at 1,750 rpm. A petrol version of this modified engine was 'reverse-engineered' for use in the Mini Tractor whilst retaining parts commonality with the diesel variant, rather than using a standard petrol A-series unit. The diesel A series was also sold as a marine engine under the BMC name alongside the diesel B-series engines. Production ceased in 1969.

At the end of 1965, BMC South Africa started a new program, with the aim of using more components manufactured in the country (using less imported components from U.K.). They decided to develop and manufacture their own version of the engine. Two versions were made with 1.1 and 1.3 litres, using the same cylinder block. The block was redesigned, new oil circulation arrangements and redesigned main bearing (bigger dimensions) and stronger/biffers camshafts. Both versions use the same connecting rods, but different crankshaft and pistons. Prototypes versions were made by 1969. Production began in 1971, ending in 1980.

The A-series design, along with particularly the B-Series, was licensed by Nissan of Japan. Many changes were made for the initial OHV Nissan C engine and the succeeding E and E-1. An early change was to incorporate a five-bearing crankshaft. The cylinder head was modified by swapping plugs and ports, plugs fitted between pushrods and eight ports eliminated the Siamesed inlet and exhaust ports. Nissan modified the design into the later Nissan A engine that was launched in 1966 with an aluminium head and wedge combustion chambers. It formed the basis for many of their following engines, notably the later OHC Nissan E engine]], was scaled up into the Nissan CA engine which culminated in the DOHC 169 PS (124 kW; 167 bhp) CA18DET. The basic design was also scaled down into the Nissan MA engine. All these engines show their lineage by the characteristic un-skirted crankcase block of the BMC A-series, but with the A and E having the camshaft moved to the right side allowing greater port areas, and a mounting on the right wall of the crankcase for the oil pump, whereas the BMC A-series had the oil pump at the back end of the left-side camshaft.^{[citation needed]}

With the intention of updating the current engine, for use in the new Mini Clubman (ADO20), and current ADO16, Leyland developed an OHC version. It appeared in a prototype version in 1971, with single overhead camshaft. It featured redesigned cylinder block, new aluminium cylinder head and twin SU carburetors. Eleven prototypes units were built, in three different capacities, 970, 1070 and 1275 cc. All engines use the same cylinder bore dimension of 70.6 mm, to reduce the number of engine parts, reducing production costs. It uses a modular approach, making it possible to produce the three versions with the same engine block. The lack of investment and the turmoil and chaos in British Leyland, meant the engine never reached production. In 1975 the plan was abandoned in favour of the "A+" version that reached production in 1980.

Under the code ADO11, a 474cc twin cylinder with a single H2 SU carburetor based on the 948cc unit was built with the intention to be used in ADO15 (Mini) with an in-sump gearbox.^[4] In May 1957, the engine was tested in one Austin A35, alongside a 20 hp 500cc air-cooled later 670cc water-cooled 2-cylinder two-stroke engine developed by Dr Joe Ehrlich of EMC Motorcycles^[5] that was tested in one Austin A30 before being used in an experimental Austin A30 based prototype with weight reduced to 584 kg (by way of a special lightweight body in steel that was a couple of gauges lighter than normal with altered panels to keep weight at a minimum) known as the Austin A20 or the "Lightweight Austin 7".^[6]

In 2021 retired racing driver and Bugatti specialist Ivan Dutton rebuilt an example of the 4 stroke engine from an original head and cylinder block and documented the work on Youtube. He also has the EMC 2-cylinder two-stroke engine which he plans to return to running condition.

This engine continues to be improved, it has a very large and wide market, whether in the classic car industry or the racing industry. It has a wide OEM manufacturer support. Almost every part of the engine is still made, whether in original specification or improved versions, pistons, camshafts, crankshafts, cylinder heads. Cylinder heads are available in 8v or 16v, made in aluminium with 5, 7 or 8 ports. Additionally over the past few decades it has not been unusual to see the A-Series stretched beyond 1275cc with capacities ranging from as low as 1293cc up to 1479cc, although it is commonly enlarged to 1380cc while retaining its reliability so long it is serviced regularly and well looked after. ^[7]

The A series engine is currently used in David Brown Mini Remastered. The engine is totally rebuilt, with new internals to an improved specification. The engine used is based in 1275cc MPi version, with larger capacity versions including the 1330cc Monte Carlo ^[8] as well as the 1380cc and 1450cc Oselli Edition. ^[9]

• BMC B-series engine
• Rover K-series engine
• Rover L-series engine
• Tritec engine