The Canon de 24 C modèle 1876 was a coastal defense gun designed and built before World War I. A number of guns were also converted to railway guns during World War I in order to meet a need for heavy artillery.

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Canon de 24 C modèle 1876
A mle 1876 on a GPC carriage at Gallipoli.
Type	Coastal artillery
Place of origin	France
Service history
In service	1876-1945
Used by	France
Wars	World War I
Production history
Designed	1876
Produced	1876
Variants	Railway gun Siege artillery
Specifications
Mass	Complete: 47 t (46 long tons; 52 short tons) Carriage: 30.8 t (30.3 long tons; 34.0 short tons) Barrel: 16.2 t (15.9 long tons; 17.9 short tons)
Barrel length	5.36 m (17.6 ft) L/22.3[1]
Shell	Separate-loading, bagged charge and projectiles
Shell weight	162 kg (357 lb)
Caliber	240 mm (9.4 in)[1]
Breech	de Bange
Recoil	Hydro-gravity
Elevation	-5° to +30°
Traverse	360°[1]
Rate of fire	1 round every two minutes
Muzzle velocity	460 m/s (1,500 ft/s)
Effective firing range	10.5 km (6.5 mi)[2]
Maximum firing range	13.4 km (8.3 mi)[1]

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The Canon de 24 C modèle 1876 were typical built-up guns of the period with mixed construction consisting of a rifled steel liner and several layers of iron reinforcing hoops. In French service guns of mixed steel/iron construction were designated in centimeters while all steel guns were designated in millimeters. However, reference materials do not always distinguish the difference in construction and use either unit of measurement.^[3] The guns used a de Bange breech and fired separate loading bagged charges 28–88 kg (62–194 lb) and 162 kg (357 lb) projectiles.^[2]

The mle 1876 was mounted on a number of different models of garrison mounts with limited traverse. One exception was the GPC mount (côte sur affût type Guerre à Pivot Central) which was a rectangular steel firing platform which sat on top of a large circular steel track embedded in concrete behind a parapet. A rectangular steel firing platform with four wheels rotated on the track and gave 360° of traverse.^[1]

The recoil system for the mle 1876 consisted of a U-shaped gun cradle which held the trunnioned barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with a hydro-gravity recoil system. When the gun fired the hydraulic buffers slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned the gun to position by the combined action of the buffers and gravity.^[1]

In order to address a need for heavy artillery a number of mle 1876 guns were converted to railway guns and given the designation 24 cm Canon G modèle 1916. The conversion entailed removing the gun cradle from its carriage and mounting it on a variety of flatbed rail wagons built from steel I beams and timbers on top of a two, three or four-axle rail bogie. The gun carriage changed from an inclined hydro-gravity system to a horizontal hydro-spring system where the recoil was absorbed by a hydraulic buffer and returned to firing position by springs. At the front of the carriage there was also an attachment for an earth anchor and between the axles there were screw jacks which could be lowered to take weight off the axles and anchor the carriage.^[4] Elevation stayed the same but there was no traverse. The guns either had to be removed from the tracks and put on a wooden firing platform and levered into place or drawn across a section of curved track to aim. Beginning in 1916 twenty-four guns were assigned to French artillery units, thirteen were assigned to French training units and sixteen were assigned to artillery units of the US Army.^[3]

In addition to its coastal artillery role, an unknown number of guns were used as siege artillery during the First World War.

• Jamblet battery at Ile d´Aix.
• Cannons removed from Fort d'Estrées, Gorée, Senegal.
• A mle 1876 captured by Ottoman forces at Gallipoli.
• A mle 1876 in service with the American 52nd Coastal Artillery Corps.
• A 24 cm Canon G modèle 1916.
• A Canon de 24 C modèle 1876 on a mixed-mode carriage.