Cities_in_the_Book_of_Joshua

Cities in the Book of Joshua

Cities in the Book of Joshua

Add article description

The Book of Joshua lists almost 400 ancient Levantine city names (including alternative names and derivatives in the form of words describing citizens of a town) which refer to over 300 distinct locations in Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Each of those cities, with minor exceptions (e.g. Hamath, Gubla) is placed in one of the 12 regions, according to the tribes of Israel and in most cases additional details like neighbouring towns or geographical landmarks are provided. It has been serving as one of the primary sources for identifying and locating a number of Middle Bronze to Iron Age Levantine cities mentioned in ancient Egyptian and Canaanite documents, most notably in the Amarna correspondence.

The list of cities and suggested locations

More information City name, References in the Hebrew Bible ...

See also

References

  1. [1]
    Academic style consonantal transliteration following Society of Biblical Literature (2014). "TRANSLITERATING AND TRANSCRIBING ANCIENT TEXTS". The SBL Handbook of Style. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 56. doi:10.2307/j.ctt14bs6ct.9. ISBN 9781589839656. JSTOR j.ctt14bs6ct.
  2. [2]
    Coordinates provided using the Palestine grid system (publications prior to 1994) have been converted to the World Geodetic System ("EPSG:4326 WGS 84") using the "EPSG.io: Coordinate Systems Worldwide" (Klokan Technologies GmbH) online converter (with "EPSG:7142 Palestine 1923 / Palestine Grid modified" as the source). Coordinates described by the Israeli Transverse Mercator (works published after 1993) have been converted using the "EPSG:2039 Israel 1993 / Israeli TM Grid" as the source.
  3. [3]
    Porter, J. L. (1863). "Edrei". In Smith, William (ed.). A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising Its Antiquities, Biography, and Natural History. Vol. 1. John Murray. pp. 491–2. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
  4. [4]
    Douglas, J. D.; Tenney, Merrill C. (2011) [1987]. "Edrei". Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Zondervan. p. 388. ISBN 9780310492351. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
  5. [5]
    Nelson, Richard D. (2004) [2002]. Deuteronomy: A Commentary. The Old Testament Library. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780664229542.
  6. [6]
    Junkkaala, Eero Kalevi (2006). Three Conquests of Canaan (PDF). Åbo Akademi University Press. ISBN 978-9517653350. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-26. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  7. [7]
    Langston, Scott M. (2000). "Aijalon". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  8. [8]
    Goren, Yuval; Finkelstein, Israel; Na'aman, Nadav (2004). Inscribed in Clay, Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Monograph series. Vol. 23. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. ISBN 9789652660206.
  9. [9]
    Kennedy, Titus Michael (2013). A Demographic Analysis of Late Bronze Age Canaan: Ancient Population. Estimates and Insights through Archaeology (PhD). University of South Africa. hdl:10500/13257.
  10. [10]
    Lehmann, Gunnar (2001). "Phoenicians in Western Galilee: First Results of an Archaeological Survey in the Hinterland of Akko". In Mazar, Amihai (ed.). Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan. Journal of the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement. Vol. 331. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9781841272030.
  11. [11]
    "EPSG.io: Coordinate Systems Worldwide (1605.2500)". Klokan Technologies GmbH. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  12. [12]
    A word (esp. describing citizens or inhabitants) derived from a given town's name
  13. [13]
    Some assume, that it is the place of Archi. (Johnson,Siegfried S.: Art. 'Archite', Anchor Bible Dictionary 1 (1992) p. 369, ISBN 978-0300140019)
  14. [14]
    Including derived words, esp. those describing citizens or inhabitants or a given town
  15. [15]
    The city's name is not mentioned in the book of Joshua directly but its derivative (esp. a word describing the town's citizens) is used.
  16. [16]
    Chesnut, Owen D. (2006). The Location of Biblical Eshtaol (MA). Jerusalem University College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  17. [17]
    Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 167f. ISBN 9780826485717.
  18. [18]
    Wood, Bryant G. (2008). "The Search for Joshua's Ai" (PDF). In Hess, Richard S.; Klingbeil, Gerald A.; Ray, Paul J. (eds.). Critical Issues in Early Israelite History. Bulletin for Biblical Research Supplement. Vol. 3. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575068046.
  19. [19]
    McKinny, Chris (2015). "Dividing the Spoil - A Discussion of the Identifications of Beth-Aven, Emek-Keziz and Zemaraim in the Territory of Benjamin". In Tavger, Aharon; Amar, Zohar; Billig, Miriam (eds.). In the Highland's Depth - Ephraim Range and Binyamin Research Studies. Vol. 5. pp. 10*–32*. ISBN 9781575068046.
  20. [20]
    Livingston, David Palmer (1989). Khirbet Nisya 1979-1986: a Report on Six Seasons of Excavation (PhD). Andrews University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-26.
  21. [21]
    Livingston, David P. (1994). "Further Considerations on the Location of Bethel at El-Bireh". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 126 (2): 154–159. doi:10.1179/peq.1994.126.2.154.
  22. [22]
    Frumkin, Amos; Elitzur, Yoel (2002). "Historic Dead Sea Level Fluctuations Calibrated with Geological and Archaeological Evidence". Quaternary Research. 57 (3): 341. Bibcode:2002QuRes..57..334F. doi:10.1006/qres.2002.2330. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129375298.
  23. [23]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § C5.
  24. [24]
    "023) 'Ain Ḥajla (Beth Hoglah)". Palestine Archaeological Databank and Information System. Sapienza University of Rome & Palestinian Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage. 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  25. [25]
    "Jericho Oasis Map". Palestine Archaeological Databank and Information System. Sapienza University of Rome & Palestinian Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage. 2011. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  26. [26]
    Kelm, George L. (1990). "Beth-horon". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. p. 98. ISBN 9780865543737. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  27. [27]
    Braun, Eliot (2004). Early Beth Shan (Strata XIX-XIII): G.M. Fitzgerald's Deep Cut on the Tell. University Museum Monograph. Vol. 121. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. p. 1. ISBN 9781931707626.
  28. [28]
    Grootkerk, Salomon E. (2000). Ancient Sites in Galilee: A Toponymic Gazetteer. Culture and History of the Ancient near East. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. 358. ISBN 9789004115354.
  29. [29]
    Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.429, ISBN 965-220-186-3
  30. [30]
    Day, John (2007). "Gibeon and the Gibeonites in the Old Testament". In Rezetko, Robert; Lim, Timothy Henry; Aucker, W. Brian (eds.). Reflection and Refraction: Studies in Biblical Historiography in Honour of A. Graeme Auld. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum. Vol. 113. BRILL. pp. 124–5. ISBN 9789004145122.
  31. [31]
    Vilnai, Ze'ev (1974). "Give'at Yearim". Ariel Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Tel Aviv, Israel: Am Oved. pp. 1177f.
  32. [32]
    Finkelstein, Israel; Naʾaman, Nadav (2005). "Shechem of the Amarna Period and the Rise of the Northern Kingdom of Israel". Israel Exploration Journal. 55 (2): 172–193. JSTOR 27927106. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
  33. [33]
    Ehrlich, Carl S. (1996). The Philistines in Transition: A History from Ca. 1000-730 B.C.E.. Studies in the history and culture of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 10. BRILL. p. 66. ISBN 9789004104266.
  34. [34]
    Conder, Claude R. (1876). "Notes from the Memoir". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 8 (2): 167–171. doi:10.1179/peq.1876.8.2.167.
  35. [35]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section V. Samaria & Judaea" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 23–4. § D4.
  36. [36]
    Brownlee, William H. (1982). "Gilgal". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 471. ISBN 9780802837820. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  37. [37]
    Muilenburg, James (1955). "The Site of Ancient Gilgal". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 140 (140): 11–27. doi:10.2307/1355965. JSTOR 1355965. S2CID 164115319.
  38. [38]
    "054) Mafjar, Tell el-". Palestine Archaeological Databank and Information System. Sapienza University of Rome & Palestinian Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage. 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  39. [39]
    "090) Ṣuwwanet eth-Thaniya/Jiser Abu Ghabush". Palestine Archaeological Databank and Information System. Sapienza University of Rome & Palestinian Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage. 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  40. [40]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § B4.
  41. [41]
    "066) Nitla, Khirbet en-/Tell Jaljul (Galgala)". Palestine Archaeological Databank and Information System. Sapienza University of Rome & Palestinian Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage. 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-05-14. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  42. [42]
    Kochavi, Moshe (1974). "Khirbet Rabûd = Debir". Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 1 (1): 2–33. doi:10.1179/033443574788593494.
  43. [43]
    Greenberg, Raphael (1987). "New Light on the Early Iron Age at Tell Beit Mirsim". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 265 (265): 55–80. doi:10.2307/1356807. JSTOR 1356807. S2CID 164106925.
  44. [44]
    Albright, William F. (1926). "The Excavations at Tell Beit Mirsim". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 23 (23): 2–14. doi:10.2307/1354957. JSTOR 1354957. S2CID 163246424.
  45. [45]
    Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 130. ISBN 9780826485717.
  46. [46]
    Stern, Ephraim (1997). "Discoveries at Tel Dor". In Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B. (eds.). The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present. Journal for the study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series. Vol. 237. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781850756507.
  47. [47]
    Strange, John (2000). "The Palestinian City-States of the Bronze Age". In Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures. Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter. Vol. 21. p. 69. ISBN 9788778761774.
  48. [48]
    Steiner, Margreet L. (2014). "Moab during the Iron Age II period". In Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE. Oxford University Press. p. 773. ISBN 9780199212972.
  49. [49]
    Liverani, Mario (2014). Israel's History and the History of Israel. Routledge. p. 424. ISBN 9781317488934.
  50. [50]
    Rainey, Anson F. (1982). "Wine from the Royal Vineyards". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 245 (245): 57–62. doi:10.2307/1356528. JSTOR 1356528. S2CID 164003915.
  51. [51]
    Pitkänen, Pekka (2010). Joshua. Apollos Old Testament Commentary. Vol. 6. InterVarsity Press. p. 295. ISBN 9780830825066.
  52. [52]
    Finkelstein, Israel (2013). "Geographical and Historical Realities behind the Earliest Layer in the David Story". Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. 27 (2): 131–150. doi:10.1080/09018328.2013.839104. S2CID 161351735.
  53. [53]
    Rahmani, L. Y. (1972). "A Bilingual Ossuary-Inscription from Khirbet Zif". Israel Exploration Journal. 22 (2/3): 113–116. JSTOR 27925335.
  54. [54]
    Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.481, ISBN 965-220-186-3
  55. [55]
    Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.71 ("Adi"), ISBN 965-220-186-3
  56. [56]
    Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 215. ISBN 9780826485717.
  57. [57]
    Pitkänen, Pekka (2010). Joshua. InterVarsity Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-8308-2506-6.
  58. [58]
    Na'aman, Nadav (1980). "The Inheritance of the Sons of Simeon". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 96 (2): 136–152. JSTOR 27931137.
  59. [59]
    Åhlfeldt, Johan (2014-11-01). "Malatha, Tell el Milh/Malhatha". Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire. Lund University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History. Archived from the original on 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  60. [60]
    "Tel Masos: Israel". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 1993. Archived from the original on 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  61. [61]
    Grabbe, Lester L. (2006) [2004]. A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 9780567216175.
  62. [62]
    "Tel H̱alif: Israel". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 1993. Archived from the original on 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  63. [63]
    Miller, Robert D. (2012) [2005]. Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries BC. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 9781620322086.
  64. [64]
    Phythian-Adams, William John (1922). "The Site of Ibleam". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 54 (4): 142–147. doi:10.1179/peq.1922.54.4.142.
  65. [65]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section III. Galilee" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 19–20. § D4.
  66. [66]
    Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 253. ISBN 9780826485717.
  67. [67]
    Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 547f. ISBN 9780826485717.
  68. [68]
    Lipiński, Edward (2006). On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 153. Peeters Publishers. p. 328. ISBN 9789042917989.
  69. [69]
    MacDonald, Burton (1999). "Ammonite Territory and Sites". In MacDonald, Burton; Younker, Randall W. (eds.). Ancient Ammon. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 17. BRILL. pp. 35–6. ISBN 9789004107625.
  70. [70]
    Finkelstein, Israel; Koch, Ido; Lipschits, Oded (2012) [2011]. The Biblical Gilead. pp. 131–159. ISBN 9783868350869. Retrieved 2018-05-29. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  71. [71]
    Younker, Randall W. (2000). "Jazer". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 675. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  72. [72]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § D4.
  73. [73]
    Ibach, Robert Jr. (1978). "Expanded Archaeological Survey of the Hesban Region". Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS). 16 (1): 201–213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
  74. [74]
    "EPSG.io: Coordinate Systems Worldwide (2365.1395)". Klokan Technologies GmbH. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
  75. [75]
    Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.479f, ISBN 965-220-186-3
    Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 550. ISBN 9780826485717.
  76. [76]
    Laughlin, John (2007). Fifty Major Cities of the Bible. Routledge. ISBN 9781134595327.
  77. [77]
    Sala, Maura (2014). "The Archaeological Expeditions to Tell es-Sultan (1868–2012)". In Wagemakers, Bart (ed.). Archaeology in the Land of 'Tells and Ruins'. Oxbow Books. pp. 117–130. ISBN 9781782972464. Archived from the original on 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  78. [78]
    Nigro, Lorenzo (2016). "Tell es-Sultan 2015: A Pilot Project for Archaeology in Palestine". Near Eastern Archaeology. 79 (1): 4–17. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.79.1.0004. hdl:11573/896220. JSTOR 10.5615/neareastarch.79.1.0004. S2CID 163776801. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  79. [79]
    Bohström, Philippe (2017-12-19). "5,000-Year-Old Cosmetics, Jewelry Show Rise of Ancient Jericho". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  80. [80]
    de Miroschedji, Pierre (1999). "Yarmuth: The Dawn of City-States in Southern Canaan". Near Eastern Archaeology. 62 (1): 2–19. doi:10.2307/3210719. JSTOR 3210719. S2CID 224790959. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
  81. [81]
    Cole, R. Dennis (2000). "Jarmuth". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 674. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
  82. [82]
    It is dentified with this tel by most scholars as W.F. Albright, G. Dalman, Y. Aharoni. (Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 285. ISBN 9780826485717.
    Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1977). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol III. Englewood Cliffs N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 719. ISBN 0132751313.)
  83. [83]
    Tel Kesalon
  84. [84]
    Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.268, ISBN 965-220-186-3
  85. [85]
    Aharoni, Yohanan (1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664242664.
  86. [86]
    Tappy, Ron E. (2008). "Tel Zayit and the Tel Zayit Abecedary in Their Regional Context" (PDF). In Tappy, Ron E.; McCarter, P. Kyle Jr (eds.). Literate Culture and Tenth-Century Canaan: The Tel Zayit Abecedary in Context. Eisenbrauns. pp. 11, 37. ISBN 9781575061504. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
  87. [87]
    Shai, Itzhaq (2017). "Tel Burna: A Judahite Fortified Town in the Shephelah" (PDF). In Lipschits, Oded; Maeir, Aren M. (eds.). The Shephelah during the Iron Age: Recent Archaeological Studies. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575064871. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
  88. [88]
    Dorsey, David A. (1980). "The Location of Biblical Makkedah". Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 7 (3–4): 185–193. doi:10.1179/033443580788441008.
  89. [89]
    Davies, Graham I. (1982). "Tell Ed-Duweir = Ancient Lachish: A Response to G. W. Ahlström". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 114 (1): 25–28. doi:10.1179/peq.1982.114.1.25.
  90. [90]
    Bekkum, Koert van (2011). From Conquest to Coexistence: Ideology and Antiquarian Intent in the Historiography of Israel's Settlement in Canaan. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 45. BRILL. p. 158. ISBN 9789004194809. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
  91. [91]
    Mounce, William D. (1995). "Mahanaim". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 222–3. ISBN 9780802837851. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  92. [92]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § D2.
  93. [93]
    Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 313. ISBN 9780826485717.
    Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1977). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol III. Englewood Cliffs N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 779. ISBN 0132751313.
  94. [94]
    Lemaire, André (2006). "New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and Their Historical Interpretation". In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Eisenbrauns. p. 413. ISBN 9781575061047.
  95. [95]
    Hadley, Judith M. (2000). The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. Vol. 57. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780521662352.
  96. [96]
    Kloner, Amos; Eshel, Esther; Korzakova, Hava B.; Finkielsztejn, Gerald (2010). "The Site and the Epigraphic Finds". Maresha Excavations Final Report III: Epigraphic Finds from the 1989-2000 Seasons. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports. Vol. 45. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. p. 1. ISBN 9789654062350. JSTOR j.ctt1fzhd1t.
  97. [97]
    Oren, Eliezer D.; Rappaport, Uriel (1984). "The Necropolis of Maresha–Beth Govrin". Israel Exploration Journal. 34 (2/3): 114–153. JSTOR 27925934.
  98. [98]
    Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.343, ISBN 965-220-186-3.
  99. [99]
    Albright, William F. (1926). "The Jordan Valley in the Bronze Age". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 6: 13–74. doi:10.2307/3768510. JSTOR 3768510.
  100. [100]
    Clermont-Ganneau, Charles (1875). "The Site of the City of Adullam" (PDF). Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement. 7 (3): 168–177. doi:10.1179/peq.1875.016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-29. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
  101. [101]
    Hasel, Michael G. (1998). Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Ca. 1300-1185 B.C.. BRILL. p. 137. ISBN 9789004109841. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  102. [102]
    Napchan-Lavon, Sharon; Gadot, Yuval; Lipschits, Oded (2015). "Bliss and Macalister's Excavations at Tell Zakariya (Tel Azekah) in Light of Published and Previously Unpublished Material". In Wolff, Samuel R. (ed.). Villain or Visionary?: R. A. S. Macalister and the Archaeology of Palestine. The Palestine Exploration Fund Annual. Vol. 12. Routledge (published 2017). ISBN 9781351537704.
  103. [103]
    Callaway, Joseph A.; Nicol, Murray B. (1966). "A Sounding at Khirbet Ḥaiyân". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 183 (183): 12–19. doi:10.2307/1356456. JSTOR 1356456. S2CID 163761158.
  104. [104]
    Mazar, Benjamin; Dunayevsky, Immanuel (1964). "En-Gedi: Third Season of Excavations: Preliminary Report". Israel Exploration Journal. 14 (3): 121–130. JSTOR 27924977.
  105. [105]
    Marrs, Rick R. (2000). "Balm". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
  106. [106]
    Blair, Edward P. (1936). "Soundings at 'Anâtā (Roman Anathoth)". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 62 (62): 18–21. doi:10.2307/1355493. JSTOR 1355493. S2CID 163987323.
  107. [107]
    Bergman, A. (1936). "Soundings at the Supposed Site of Old Testament Anathoth". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 62 (62): 22–26. doi:10.2307/1355494. JSTOR 1355494. S2CID 163537912.
  108. [108]
    Nadelman, Yonatan (1994). "The Identification of Anathoth and the Soundings at Khirbet Deir es-Sidd". Israel Exploration Journal. 44 (1/2): 62–74. JSTOR 27926334.
  109. [109]
    Niesiołowski-Spanò, Łukasz (2005). "Where Should One Look for Gideon's Ophra?". Biblica. 86 (4): 478–493. JSTOR 42614624.
  110. [110]
    "Et Taiyibe: West Bank". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 1993. Archived from the original on 2018-06-08. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  111. [111]
    Olávarri, Emilio (1965). "Sondages a 'Arô'er sur l'Arnon". Revue Biblique (1946–). 72 (1): 77–94. JSTOR 44087832.
  112. [112]
    Olávarri, Emilio (1969). "Fouilles a 'Arô'er sur l'Arnon". Revue Biblique (1946–). 76 (2): 230–259. JSTOR 44088002.
  113. [113]
    La Sor, William Sanford (1979). "Ashtaroth". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 319. ISBN 9780802837813. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
  114. [114]
    Galil, Gershon (1998). "Ashtaroth in the Amarna Period". In Izre'el, Shlomo; Singer, Itamar; Zadok, Ran (eds.). Past Links: Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East. Israel Oriental Studies. Vol. 18. Eisenbrauns. p. 379. ISBN 9781575060354.
  115. [115]
    Blakely, Jeffrey A. (2013) [2007]. "The Location of Medieval/Pre-Modern and Biblical Ziklag". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 139 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1179/003103207x162988. S2CID 56099418.
  116. [116]
    Harris, Horton (2013) [2011]. "The Location of Ziklag: A Review of the Candidate Sites, Based on Biblical, Topographical and Archaeological Evidence". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 143 (2): 119–133. doi:10.1179/003103211X12971861556954. S2CID 162186999. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
  117. [117]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VII - Beersheba and the Negeb" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 27–28. § B2.
  118. [118]
    Niemann, Hermann Michael (1999). "Zorah, Eshtaol, Beth-Shemesh and Dan's Migration to the South: A Region and its Traditions in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 24 (86): 25–48. doi:10.1177/030908929902408602. S2CID 131156716.
  119. [119]
    Cohen, Rudolph; Bernick-Greenberg, Hannah; Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef; Carmi, Israel; Druk, Michal; Eldar-Nir, Iris; Gera, Avivit; Haiman, Mordechai; Hakker-Orion, Dalia; Lender, Yshayahu; Münger, Stefan; Nahlieli, Dov; Segal, Dror; Shamir, Orit; Shor, Pnina (2007). "Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976-1982". In Cohen, Rudolph; Bernick-Greenberg, Hannah (eds.). Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976-1982: Part 1. Text. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports. Vol. 34. Israel Antiquities Authority. ISBN 9789654062046. JSTOR j.ctt1fzhfvq.
  120. [120]
    Bimson, John J. (2008) [1980]. "Archaeological Data and the Dating of the Patriarchs". In Millard, Alan R.; Wiseman, Donald J. (eds.). Essays on the Patriarchal Narratives. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 9781556356667. Archived from the original on 2004-02-17. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  121. [121]
    "'Ayn al Qudayrāt: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  122. [122]
    "'Ain el Qadeis: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  123. [123]
    "Ain el Quṣaima: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  124. [124]
    "El Muweilah: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  125. [125]
    Graf, David F. (2013). "Petra and the Nabateans in the Early Hellenistic period: the literary and archaeological evidence". In Mouton, Michel; Schmid, Stephan G. (eds.). Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra. Supplement to the Bulletin of Nabataean studies. Vol. 1. Berlin: Logos Verlag. p. 50. ISBN 9783832533137.
  126. [126]
    MacDonald, Burton (2000). "East of the Jordan": Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures (PDF). ASOR Books. Vol. 6. American Schools of Oriental Research. ISBN 9780897570312. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-05.
  127. [127]
    Curtis, Adrian, ed. (2009) [2007]. "The Kingdom of Judah" (Map). Oxford Bible Atlas. Oxford University Press. pp. 114, 213. § Y5. ISBN 9780199560462.
  128. [128]
    "Qaryat al Mukhayyaţ: Jordan". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-06-16. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
  129. [129]
    La Sor, William Sanford (1995). "Rehob". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802837844. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
  130. [130]
    Finkelstein, Israel (1981). "The Shephelah of Israel". Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 8 (1): 84–94. doi:10.1179/033443581788440936.
  131. [131]
    Baly, Denis; Tushingham, A. Douglas (1971). Atlas of the Biblical World. William Collins Pub. p. 205. ISBN 9780529001504.
  132. [132]
    Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael, eds. (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica: Ra-Sam. Vol. 17. p. 191. ISBN 9780028659459.
  133. [133]
    Tristram, Henry Baker (1866). The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travels in Palestine, Undertaken with Special Reference to Its Physical Character. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 584.
  134. [134]
    Selms, A. van (1995). "Rimmon". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 9780802837844. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
  135. [135]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VII - Beersheba and the Negeb" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 27–28. § D2.
  136. [136]
    Baldensperger, Philip J. (1912). "The Identification of Ain-Rimmon with Ain-Urtās (Artās)". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 44 (4): 209–211. doi:10.1179/peq.1912.44.4.209.
  137. [137]
    Finkelstein, Israel; Lipschits, Oded; Sergi, Omer (2013). Tell er-Rumeith in Northern Jordan: Some Archaeological and Historical Observations. Vol. 55. pp. 7–23. ISBN 9782720011931. Retrieved 2018-05-26. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  138. [138]
    Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. (1995). "Socoh; Soco". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 559. ISBN 9780802837844. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
  139. [139]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section V. Samaria & Judaea" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 23–4. § C5.
  140. [140]
    Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VII - Beersheba and the Negeb" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 27–28. § D2-3.
  141. [141]
    Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 458. ISBN 9780826485717.
  142. [142]
    Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 451. ISBN 9780826485717.
  143. [143]
    Kelm, George L.; Mazar, Amihay (1995). Timnah: A Biblical City in the Sorek Valley. Eisenbrauns. p. 4. ISBN 9780931464973.
  144. [144]
    Kelm, George L.; Mazar, Amihai (1982). "Three Seasons of Excavations at Tel Batash: Biblical Timnah". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 248 (248): 1–36. doi:10.2307/1356672. JSTOR 1356672. S2CID 164111158.
  145. [145]
    Miller, J. Maxwell; Tucker, Gene M. (1974). The Book of Joshua. The Cambridge Bible Commentary on the New English Bible. Cambridge University Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780521086165.
  146. [146]
    Lapp, Paul W. (1969). "The 1968 Excavations at Tell Ta'annek". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 195 (195): 2–49. doi:10.2307/1356432. JSTOR 1356432. S2CID 166843242.
  147. [147]
    Laughlin, John Charles Hugh (2006). Fifty Major Cities of the Bible: From Dan to Beersheba. Routledge. ISBN 9780415223157.
  148. [148]
    de Vaux, Roland (2013) [1956]. "The Excavations at Tell El-Far'ah and the Site of Ancient Tirzah". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 88 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1179/peq.1956.88.2.125.
  149. [149]
    Finkelstein, Israel (2012). "Tell el-Far'ah (Tirzah) and the Early Days of the Northern Kingdom". Revue Biblique (1946–). 119 (3): 331–346. JSTOR 44092170. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  150. [150]
    Dever, William G. (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802821263.
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Cities_in_the_Book_of_Joshua, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.