Geographic features

• Snake River
• Blue Mountains
• Touchet River
• Tucannon River

Major highways

• U.S. Route 12

Adjacent counties

• Whitman County - north
• Garfield County - east
• Wallowa County, Oregon - southeast
• Umatilla County, Oregon - southwest
• Walla Walla County - west
• Franklin County - northwest

National protected area

• Umatilla National Forest (part)

2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 4,078 people, 1,762 households, and 1,156 families living in the county.^[9] The population density was 4.7 inhabitants per square mile (1.8/km²). There were 2,136 housing units at an average density of 2.5 units per square mile (0.97 units/km²).^[10] The racial makeup of the county was 93.0% white, 1.4% American Indian, 0.6% Asian, 0.3% Pacific islander, 0.3% black or African American, 1.7% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 6.2% of the population.^[9] In terms of ancestry, 24.7% were German, 18.3% were English, 12.3% were Irish, and 7.0% were American.^[11]

Of the 1,762 households, 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.4% were non-families, and 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.76. The median age was 48.3 years.^[9]

The median income for a household in the county was $43,611 and the median income for a family was $53,452. Males had a median income of $45,000 versus $35,357 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,810. About 9.8% of families and 16.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.^[12]

2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 4,064 people, 1,687 households, and 1,138 families living in the county. The population density was 5 people per square mile (1.9 people/km²). There were 2,018 housing units at an average density of 2 units per square mile (0.77 units/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 93.73% White, 0.22% Black or African American, 0.96% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.73% from other races, and 1.89% from two or more races. 6.35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.6% were of German, 18.2% United States or American, 14.3% English and 8.3% Irish ancestry. 94.3% spoke English and 5.7% Spanish at home.

There were 1,687 households, out of which 27.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.00% were married couples living together, 8.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.50% were non-families. 29.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.90% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 22.80% from 25 to 44, 27.70% from 45 to 64, and 18.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $33,500, and the median income for a family was $44,038. Males had a median income of $33,690 versus $21,367 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,374. About 8.60% of families and 12.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.90% of those under age 18 and 11.10% of those age 65 or over.

City

• Dayton (county seat)

Town

• Starbuck

Unincorporated communities