The Crusade of Alfonso I of Aragon in Andalusia was a campaign carried out for nine months (between September 2, 1125, and June 1126) by Alfonso I the Battler in the interior of al-Andalus, where he camped for a long time near Granada, he plundered fields and riches, he defeated the Almoravid army in pitched battle in Arnisol Anzur, near Puente Genil, south of the current province of Córdoba) and rescued a contingent of Mozarabics with which he repopulated the lands of the Ebro Valley recently conquered by the kingdom of Aragon. The initial objective was to establish a Christian principality in Granada, relying on the Mozarabic population that had insistently requested help from the king of Aragon, as it was subject to the religious fanaticism of the Almoravid period. The Mozarabs of Granada proposed to Alfonso the Battler an internal rebellion against the ruling authority with the support of the Aragonese host; The conjunction was necessary, since Alfonso I, unlike the strategy used in the conquest of Zaragoza in 1118, did not bring assault machinery to Granada, a transport that was in any case extremely impracticable given the long distance that the expedition would travel and the logistical difficulties involved in penetrating so deeply into enemy territory.

It has been suggested that this article be merged into Granada campaign (1125–1126). (Discuss) Proposed since March 2024.

Alfonso I's combat morale was high, and the expedition set out in a spirit of great warrior exaltation. Documents from the years 1124 and 1125 referred to the Battler with the terms "reigning in Spain" or "in all the land of Christians and Saracens of Spain", which gives an idea of the triumphalism that was experienced in the environment of the Aragonese king at this time. dates. The contemporary leaders were not having the best of days: Ramón Berenguer III of Barcelona had just been defeated in the battle of Corbins and Urraca of León and Castile, ex-wife of the Aragonese, would die shortly later, on March 8, 1126, without being able to see the end of the civil war that devastated their kingdoms. In this context Alfonso I undertook one of the most daring campaigns of the Reconquista.^[1] The raid has gone down in historiography under the name of the "Host of Spain."

The conquests of the large urban centers of the Taifa of Zaragoza by Alfonso I (Zaragoza, Tudela^{[disambiguation needed]}, Daroca, Calatayud) necessitated a significant contingent of new settlers for the medinas, which had to be evicted by the Muslims who inhabited them.^[2] Men were also necessary to place in the Aragonese Extremadura and defend the new border, very expanded at that time, as it reached Carrión, Castrojeriz and Burgos, in the northwest;^[3] Soria, Berlanga de Duero and Almazán to the west; Sigüenza, Medinaceli, Cella and Gúdar to the south; and Morella and Horta de San Juan to the east.

In 1124 he began preparations to undertake a military incursion into Andalusian territory, encouraged by the call of the Mozarabs of Granada, led by Ibn al-Qalas, who requested his support to rebel against the Almoravid governor of the city, Abu Tahir Tamim ibn Yusuf.

He began by securing the passage through the Peña Cadiella gorge (current Benicadell) in the winter of that year, taking the fortress that dominated it with a retinue formed by his most prominent knights, among whom was Rotrou III, Count of Perche, count of Tudela, and Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn, lord of Zaragoza and main architect of the assault on the capital of the old Zaragoza taifa.^[4] Once this fortress was conquered, Alfonso I ensured free passage to the south of Levante,^[5] security in the rear and guarantees for the return.

The Arab chronicles indicate that the Mozarabic population of the mountain ranges of Darro and Alpujarras had insistently sent letters to the king of Aragon requesting that he come to Granada, where he would find the support of thousands of Christian men of fighting age; also encouraging him with the story of the agricultural wealth of the Granada plains and the production of precious fabrics, as well as other excellences of that place.^{[6] [7]} From these chronicles it is clear that the initial objective was to unite forces to conquer Granada and establish a Christian principality in its territory, following the example of the lordship that the Cid in Valencia.^[8]

In March 1125 an assembly was held in Uncastillo with the aim of designing the strategy. The square was a possession of Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn, who, together with Centule II, Count of Bigorre, the magnate Duchy of Aquitaine Auger III of Miramont, viscount of Tursan—who had participated in the taking of Saraqusta in 1118—and the bishops Esteban of Huesca and Pedro Librana from Zaragoza, were present at the meeting. They secured the support of the Selva Major Abbey of Bordeaux, which probably provided financing to the campaign.

The Battler decided, after this background, to undertake the campaign with an army made up of about four^[9][10] or five thousand knights and a number of around fifteen thousand infantry, although the sources always give exaggerated figures and perhaps they should be reduced to one thousand or one thousand five hundred knights and an indeterminate number of pawns.^[8] It had its most notable magnates: the aforementioned Gastón de Bearne, the bishop Esteban of Huesca, the bishop Raymond of Barbastro and the prelate of Zaragoza, Pedro de Librana.^[8][10] Also part of the expedition were Fortún Sánchez as ensign, Judge Pedro Jiménez, and Mr. Ramón Arnaldo from Santa Cruz de Tudela. He left Zaragoza at the beginning of September 1125.^[9][7]

The host advanced through Daroca, Monreal, Teruel and Segorbe, in the direction of Valencia.^[9] and they devastated the crops.^[9][11][10] Arriving at the coast, Alfonso's army began to attract Mozarabic contingents, who joined him.^[9][8][10] Through the steps of Játiva and Peña Cadiella, they reached Murcia, Almanzora and Purchena, to stop in Tíjola and camp for eight days.^[9][12][10]

Resuming the march, the Aragonese army arrived at Baza^[9][10] and, seeing that it was not well defended by fortifications, tried to take it by assault without success, so he resumed the expedition towards Guadix, a city that he attacked on 4^[10] December through one of its cemeteries and then, surrounding through the farmhouse of Graena^[9] and that of Alcázar, from the west.^[12] He finally settled in Guadix, where he remained for a^[10] month and he spent Christmas satisfied with the progress of the expedition and without supply problems.^[12] The Almoravids remained passive, without trying to attack the Aragonese monarch.^[9] Throughout their advance, groups of Mozarabs had continued to join their forces.^[13]

He then decided to send letters to the Christians, thereby revealing his presence less than sixty kilometers from Granada.^[12] The governor Abul Tahir did not dare to repress the subsequent Mozarabic insurgency, and the Christian population came to join the Battler's contingent.^[12] Abul Tahir, meanwhile, requested reinforcements from the governors of Murcia and Valencia and his brother, the emir Almoravid Ali ibn Yusuf, who sent an important army from Africa.^[12]

Alfonso I, then, headed through Diezma to Granada, in whose sight he was on January 7, 1126, with a contingent reinforced by Christians who, according to news from the Andalusian chronicles (which must always be taken with caution), reached fifty thousand men.^[9][12][14] According to the chronicle of the Norman Orderic Vital, Alfonso's departure was joined in Granada by about ten thousand Mozarabs, who settled in the Ebro valley.^[9][14]

Faced with the fear of the Granadans, Alfonso I remained camped in the town of Nívar for more than ten days waiting either to have a pitched battle or for the Mozarabic rebellion to open the doors of Granada.^[12] Despite the persistent bad weather and the vigilance of the city's military garrison, it was able to be supplied by the population Christian.^[12]

Due to the tense wait, the Battler reproached the person in charge of the Mozarabs of Granada, Ibn al-Qalas, for not complying with the agreement, to which he reproached him for having delayed in skirmishes along the route and having revealed their position in Guadix, which had alerted the Almoravids in time, who were already preparing troops on both sides of the strait; In this way the surprise effect had been nullified and the initial plans had been ruined.^[15][14] The Almoravids They had reinforced the defenses and received reinforcements to support themselves in the city, which finally led the Aragonese sovereign to abandon the attempt to take over the square.^[16][14]

Realizing the impossibility of entering Granada, Alfonso dedicated himself to ravaging the fields of Vega de Granada and the south of Córdoba,^[16] going through Maracena and Pinos Puente to a place called in the chronicles "Assica" (perhaps in the current municipality of Montefrío).^[17] and Espejo, and then turn southwest through Cabra and Lucena.^[18][14] Then he headed back towards Córdoba through Aguilar de la Frontera.^[18]

While the king of Aragon toured the south of the current province of Córdoba, Abu Bakr, son of the emir Ali ibn Yusuf,^{[lower-alpha 1]} had left with troops from Seville to meet the Battler, and reached him in Arnisol, Arinzol or Aranzuel, according to sources, current Anzur (today municipality of Puente Genil), near Lucena.^[16][18] There a pitched battle was fought on March 9, 1126, with the result of a decisive victory for the Aragonese, ^[16][18][14] while in the Saldaña Castle (Palencia) his ex-wife Urraca I died and was succeeded by Alfonso VII of León.

After the victory in the Battle of Arnisol, the Battler headed south through the Alpujarras following the narrow ravines of the course of the Guadalfeo River and reached the coast of Vélez-Málaga by Motril and Salobreña.^[16][18][14] During the journey, Muslim chronicles say that Alfonso said to one of his trusted lords "What a grave if they threw dirt at us from above!" and they comment that upon reaching the sea, the Aragonese ordered a boat to be launched from which they caught a fish that the king ate, and they wonder in the Andalusian stories if it was to leave an anecdote for the future or to fulfill a promise.^[18] It could be a gesture of taking possession of the sea.^[14]

From Vélez-Málaga, the Christian contingent once again directed its steps towards Granada, camping in the town of Dílar,^[16] where it remained three days, and then in Alhendín, repelling several Almoravid attacks.^[18][14] Two days later he arrived at Vega de Granada and settled in La Zubia, six kilometers from the capital, followed closely by the Islamic cavalry in perfect combat formation, which camped at the Atsa fountain and Guadix.^[19][14]

At that time, African reinforcements arrived from Meknes and Fez, led by commanders Abu Hafs ibn Tuzyin and Inalu al-Lamtuni respectively.^[19] They harassed Alfonso I, who was forced to retreat towards the north.^[19] In Guadix they won in a skirmish with the king of Aragon where one of his main knights died, which gave Inalu al-Lamtumi the government of Granada to the detriment of the ineffective Abul Tahir Tamin ibn Yusuf.^[19] The Aragonese militia continued to withdraw through Caravaca de la Cruz (west of Murcia) and Játiva,^[19] which was assaulted and taken by the Battler. The pressure from the North African army was notable, and the return was made in difficult conditions, having to lead a large number of civilians who must have greatly hindered the march,^[20] defending themselves. of the continuous attacks and forced to abandon many exhausted and sick people due to the duration and hardships of the long campaign carried out.^[19][21] Without rest, the contingent led by Alfonso arrived in Aragon in June 1126,^[19] decimated by diseases,^[16] but satisfied with the achievements achieved (winner in the only full pitched battle) and with the large Mozarabic population rescued.^[19]

The consequences of the long expedition, however, were not as expected: not only was the objective place not conquered, ^[19] but the situation of the Mozarabs who had remained in Almoravid territory worsened.^[20][21] At the end of October 1126, the Almoravid emir ordered the deportation of a large part of the Mozarabs to various Moroccan regions.^[20][22] It demonstrated, however, the weakness of the Almoravid State,^[21] unable to stop Alfonso's raids and attract the sympathies of the Mozarabic population, which had supported him.^[20]