Intense Tropical Cyclone Nadia was a powerful tropical cyclone that struck both Madagascar and Mozambique in March 1994. It formed on 16 March and moved westward for the first ten days of its duration. Warm waters and low wind shear allowed for the storm to gradually strengthen. After developing a well-defined eye, Nadia intensified to reach winds of 175km/h (110mph (10minute sustained)) early on 22 March, according to Météo-France (MF). In contrast, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated winds of about 220km/h (140mph 1minute sustained). On 23 March, the cyclone struck northern Madagascar, causing flooding and localized damage where it moved ashore. There were 12deaths in the country. Nadia emerged into the Mozambique Channel as a weakened storm, although it reintensified slightly before making landfall in northeastern Mozambique on 24 March. The storm turned southward through the country, emerging over water on 26 March. It turned to the northeast and meandered over waters before dissipating on 1 April.
Quick Facts Intense tropical cyclone (SWIO scale), Formed ...
Damage was heaviest in Mozambique, estimated at about $20million (1994USD). Cyclone Nadia severely affected four provinces in the country, primarily Nampula Province where it moved ashore. There, 85% of the houses were destroyed, and across its path, the cyclone left 1.5million people homeless. High winds caused widespread power outages, left areas without water, and significantly damaged crops, notably the cashew crop. The storm struck before the harvest, and lack of food resulted in 300deaths in the months after the storm. Across Mozambique, Nadia directly caused 240deaths and injured thousands. Effects spread as far inland as Malawi.
Meteorological history
A disturbance in the Indian Ocean Intertropical Convergence Zone became evident southeast of the Chagos Archipelago on 16 March after two cyclones moved away from the region. Based on analysis from Météo-France, the system slowly organized while moving westward, its movement influenced by a subtropical ridge to the south.[1] On 17 March, the JTWC also began tracking the system.[2] Due to cool, dry air, the system initially did not intensify, although its passage over warmer sea surface temperatures on 19 March allowed for strengthening. That same day, MF classified the disturbance as Tropical Storm Nadia after rainbands developed.[1] A day later, the JTWC designated Nadia as Tropical Cyclone 23S.[3]
After becoming a tropical storm, Nadia quickly intensified, developing a central dense overcast and later an eye. With minimal wind shear, the storm strengthened into a tropical cyclone early on 21 March.[1] That day, the JTWC estimated winds of 120km/h (75mph 1-minute sustained), or the equivalent of a minimal hurricane,[2] and later that day, MF upgraded Nadia into an intense tropical cyclone.[1] While the cyclone was approaching northern Madagascar on 22 March, MF estimated that Nadia attained maximum sustained winds of 175km/h (110mph (10minute sustained)).[4] At around the same time, the JTWC estimated winds of about 220km/h (140mph (1-minute sustained)).[2] While at peak intensity, Nadia had well-defined outflow and an eye no larger than 30km (19mi). At about 0100UTC on 23 March, Nadia made landfall on northern Madagascar near Vohemar, having weakened slightly from its peak.[1]
While located over Madagascar, Nadia weakened into a tropical storm due to the mountainous terrain. With warm temperatures, the storm re-intensified slightly after entering the Mozambique Channel, and it passed about 100km (62mi) south of Mayotte at 1900UTC on 23 March. At 1700UTC the next day, Nadia made its second landfall on Mozambique, about halfway between Nacala and Moçambique.[1] Shortly thereafter, the JTWC discontinued advisories.[3] Despite moving further inland, Nadia retained a well-organized circulation and convection. The storm turned to the south and re-emerged into the Mozambique Channel late on 26 March near the mouth of the Zambezi River. Nadia gradually re-intensified while curving to the southeast, and it re-intensified into a tropical storm on 28 March,[1] the same day the JTWC resumed issuing advisories.[3] The storm strengthened to reach a secondary peak intensity of 85km/h (50mph (10minute sustained)), according to MF. After reaching a position about halfway between Mozambique and Madagascar, Nadia turned to the southwest on 1 April and lost its remaining convection.[1] The JTWC and MF discontinued advisories that day, and the circulation dissipated a day later.[1][3]
Impact and aftermath
While crossing northern Madagascar, Nadia produced widespread flooding. In Vohemar where it moved ashore, the storm destroyed most public buildings, although local churches provided assistance in the aftermath.[5] Across the region, the storm downed power lines and destroyed more than 540tonnes (600tons) of rice.[6] The cyclone killed 12people and caused about $200,000 damage (1994USD).[7]
Upon striking Mozambique, Nadia produced heavy rains and strong wind gusts, causing widespread tree damage and flooding.[8] The city of Nampula recorded 126mm (4.96in) of rainfall in a 24‑hour period.[9] Damage was heaviest in Nampula, Zambezia, Manica, and Sofala provinces.[8] In Nampula Province, Nadia destroyed 85% of the houses and 75% of the crops, mostly cashew trees. The city of Nacala was heavily damaged,[1] with about 170,000people losing their houses. Many residents evacuated Nacala, and temporary shelters were provided for those who stayed. At the port in Nacala, the local harbor was wrecked and two ships sank;[8] one of the damaged ships spilled oil into the Bay of Nacala.[10] The city lost power and water, and its primary hospital was destroyed. About 130km (81mi) of power lines were cut between Nampula and Nacala, and widespread road and bridge damage disrupted transportation. In the area along Nadia's path, over 120schools were damaged destroyed, affecting over 46,864students.[8] Across the country, roughly 1.5million people were left homeless.[11] A World Food Programme building in the city was destroyed, wrecking 642tonnes (708tons) of stored food. Overall, Nadia killed 240people in Mozambique and injured thousands.[8] Damage was estimated at $20million (1994USD).[12]
Damage from Nadia extended as far inland as Malawi.[13]
Aftermath
After the storm, about 300,000people in Nampula Province in Mozambique required food and other goods. Officials sent relief to the affected areas, including iron sheeting and medical teams. Due to damage to sanitation facilities, there were outbreaks of diarrhea and cholera in the weeks after the storm. By April20, most primary roads were cleared, bridge reconstruction had commenced, and power was being restored. Heavy crop damage depleted food supplies,[8] The cyclone struck shortly before the annual harvest,[12] causing heavy crop damage that depleted food supplies.[8] Some residents who evacuated during the country's civil war returned late to assist in harvesting the remaining crops. In the six months after the storm, about 300people died due to starvation.[12] Many secondary roads remained blocked in the weeks after the storm, forcing relief supplies to be transported by boat.[8] The country appealed to the international community for assistance, and by 6May, various international agencies and governments donated about $1.4million in cash (1994USD). The French government sent $48,000 worth of medicine, blankets, and food, the United Kingdom sent $373,134 for generators, water tanks, and roofing materials, and the Spanish government sent about $117,000 worth of food and tents. The charity organization Concern Worldwide sent 54,000sets of clothing to the country. The government of Japan sent 6,000blankets and 1,800bars of soap, while the Italian government sent five generators, eight water tanks, and 1,150agricultural tools. Donated generators assisted in restoring water in Nacala.[8] In June 1994, the World Bank provided $20million in assistance to the country due to the storm.[14] Cyclone Nadia contributed to fishing exports decreasing by $11million during the year.[15]
EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (2009). EM-DAT (Report). Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium). Retrieved 12 August 2012.
"Natural Disasters in Africa". International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher. 2004. p.239. ISBN978-1-4020-2850-2. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Cyclone_Nadia, and is written by contributors.
Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.