Dzherakh

Dzherakh

Dzherakh

Ingush society

Not to be confused with the eponymous Dzheyrakh, a rural locality in Ingushetia.

The Dzherakh, also spelled Jerakh (Ingush: ЖӀайрахой, romanized: Žyajraxoj), historically also known as Erokhan people, were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society, today a tribal organization/clan (teip),[lower-alpha 1] that was formed in the Dzheyrakhin gorge, as well as in the area of the lower reaches of the Armkhi River and the upper reaches of the Terek River.

Dzherakh first became known in the Russian sources in the 16th century, under the name Erokhan people (Russian: Ероханские люди, romanized: Erokhanskie lyudi).

History

The first mention of Dzherakh was in 16th century, in Russian documents as Erokhan people.[17] The Dzherakhs were also mentioned by Georgian prince, historian and geographer, Vakhushti Bagrationi in 1745.[18][19]

The first contact of Dzherakh with Russian was in 1833, during the punitive expedition on Mountainous Ingushetia, done by General Abkhazov.[20]

Were known for their raids during the Caucasian War, together with Kists (Fyappiy) and Tagaurs.[21]

Composition

Dzherakh society/teip consisted of following fortified villages (auls) and surnames (nyaqhash/vyarash):[lower-alpha 2]

Auls Teips
and nyaqhash/vyarash
Dzheyrakh (Жӏайрах)Lyanovs (Льяннаькъан), Tsurovs (Чурнаькъан), Khamatkhanovs (Хаматханнаькъан)
Ezmi (Эзми)Kozyrevs (Къоазанаькъан)
Furtoug (Фуртовг)Akhriyevs (ӏоахаргнаькъан)
Pkhmat (Пхьмат)Borovs (Бурнаькъан)
Non-existent auls whose territory comprise today's Dzheyrakh. Biykau layer became part of (Anzor) Borova aul, which later, was evicted by Russian Administration from the left bank of Terek River in 1865.[28]
Biykau (Бийков)
Borova
Egon-Kale (Эгӏара-кхал)
Kalmykov (Калмыков)
Makhan-Kale (Maгӏapa-кхал)

Notes

  1. Dzherakh were mentioned as an Ingush society by "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",[1] "Caucasian Territory // Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",[2] Bulletin of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society,[3] Volkonsky,[4] Maksimov, Vertepov,[5] Pantyukhov,[6] Kovalevsky,[7] Milyutin,[8] Martirosian,[9] Soviet Ethnography,[10] Geiger, Halasi-Kun, Kuipers, Menges,[11] Krupnov,[12] Volkova,[13] G. Anchabadze,[14] V. A. Kuznetsov[15] and Pavlova.[16]
  2. The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859),[22] "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864)[23] and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869).[24] The orthography of the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash was mainly based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia",[25] while the information regarding what auls they inhabit/inhabited is mainly based on the information of Zaurbek Malsagov [ru][26] and Shukri Dakhilgov.[27]

    References

    1. [1]
      Обзор политического состояния Кавказа 1840 года // ЦГВИА Ф. ВУА, Д.6164, Ч.93, лл. 1-23.
      "V. Племя ингуш: 1) Назрановцы, 2) Галаши, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Галгаи, 5) Кистины или Кисты Ближние, 6) Джерахи, 7) Цори, 8) Дальние Кисты"
    2. [2]
      Кавказский край // Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи 1851, p. 137:
      "Къ племени Ингушей, занимающих плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) дальніе Кисты…"
    3. [3]
      Кавказскій отдѣл Императорскаго русскаго географическаго общества (1885). "Извѣстія Кавказскаго отдѣла Императорскаго русскаго географическаго общества" [Bulletin of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society] (in Russian). 9 (1). Тифлисъ: Отдѣл: 102. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    4. [4]
      Волконский 1886, p. 54:
      "Ингушевское племя состояло из следующих обществ: кистинского, джераховского, назрановского, карабулакского (впоследствии назвавшегося галашевским), галгаевского, цоринского, акинского и мереджинского; все эти общества вместе имели свыше тридцати тысяч душ."
    5. [5]
      Максимов & Вертепов 1892, p. 75.
    6. [6]
      Пантюхов 1901, p. 2.
    7. [7]
      Ковалевский 1914, p. 150:
      "Ингуши длятся на пять обществъ: джираховцы, кистины, галгаевцы, назрановцы и галашевцы"
    8. [8]
      Милютин 1919, p. 277.
    9. [9]
      Мартиросиан 1928, p. 11.
    10. [10]
      Академия Наук СССР (1936). Советская Этнография [Soviet Ethnography] (in Russian). Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. p. 8.
    11. [11]
      Geiger et al. 1959, p. 20.
    12. [12]
      Крупнов 1971, p. 36.
    13. [13]
      Волкова 1973, p. 151.
    14. [14]
      Anchabadze 2001, p. 29.
    15. [15]
      Кузнецов 2004, p. 41.
    16. [16]
      Павлова 2012, p. 34.
    17. [17]
      Кушева 1963, pp. 62, 64, 66.
    18. [18]
      Багратиони 1904, p. 151.
    19. [19]
      Кушева 1963, p. 67.
    20. [20]
      Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 21.
    21. [21]
      Щербатов 1891, p. 272.
    22. [22]
      Сборник документов и материалов 2020, pp. 486–487 (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111).
    23. [23]
      Сборник документов и материалов 2020, pp. 596–604 (ЦГА РСО-А. Ф. 262. Оп. 1. Д. 77. Л. 76 об—92 об.).
    24. [24]
      Сборникъ статистическихъ свѣдѣній о Кавказѣ 1869, p. 44.
    25. [25]
      Ономастикон Ингушетии 2021, pp. 16–33.
    26. [26]
      Мальсагов 1963, pp. 142–150.
    27. [27]
      Дахкильгов 1991.
    28. [28]
      Сборник документов и материалов 2020, p. 689.

    Bibliography

    English sources

    Russian sources
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