Euryale_(plant)

<i>Euryale</i> (plant)

Euryale (plant)

Genus of aquatic plants

Euryale is a genus of flowering plants of the family Nymphaeaceae.[1]

Quick Facts Euryale, Scientific classification ...

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Adaxial leaf surface of Euryale ferox with numerous prickles
Euryale ferox seedling with 3 cm scale bar

Euryale is an annual or perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herb with erect, unbranched rhizomes.[8] The adaxial leaf surface is green, and features prickles at the veins. The abaxial leaf surface is violet and displays prominent, prickly venation.[9]

Generative characteristics

Euryale ferox growing in Niigata City, Japan

The pedunculate, 5 cm wide flowers have prickly peduncles and sepals.[10] The stigma has 8-9 stigmatic rays. The prickly fruit bears black,[9] smooth, arillate,[8] globose, 6-10 mm wide seeds.[10]

Taxonomy

Publication

It was published by Richard Anthony Salisbury in 1805.[1]

Species

It has one extant species:[1]

And several fossil species:

  • †Euryale yunnanensis Y. Huang & Z. Zhou[2]
  • †Euryale nodulosa C. & E. M. Reid[3]
  • †Euryale europaea C. A. Weber[4]
  • †Euryale lissa Reid[5]
  • †Euryale akashiensis Miki[6]
  • †Euryale sukaczevii Dorof.[2]
  • †Euryale tenuicostata Dorof.[2]
  • †Euryale limburgensis C. & E. In. Reid.[7]

Cytology

The chromosome count of Euryale ferox is 2n = 58.[11]

Ecology

Habitat

It occurs in ponds, lakes,[12] rice fields, and marshes.[9]

Distribution

Euryale is found in the area that stretches from Northern India to the Russian Far East and extends into temperate East Asia.[1] Recently, it has also been recorded in Serbia, Europe. It was likely dispersed to Serbia through migrating birds.[13]

Conservation

The IUCN conservation status of Euryale ferox is least concern (LC).[12]

Fossil record

Euryale seeds and prickles are well preserved in the fossil record.[14] Today, Euryale only occurs in the region spanning from Northern India to the Russian Far East, and extends to temperate East Asia.[1] But in the Pliocene period it also occurred in central Europe.[15]

References

  1. [1]
    "Euryale Salisb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  2. [2]
    Huang, Y., Ji, X., Su, T., Wang, L., Deng, C., Li, W., ... & Zhou, Z. (2015). "Fossil seeds of Euryale (Nymphaeaceae) indicate a lake or swamp environment in the late Miocene Zhaotong Basin of southwestern China." Science Bulletin, 60(20), 1768-1777.
  3. [3]
    Martinetto, E. (1998). "East Asian elements in the Plio-Pleistocene floras of Italy." In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Floristic Character Diversity of East Asian Plants (pp. 71-87). Berlin, Germany: Springer‐Verlag.
  4. [4]
    Weber, C. A. (1907). "22. C. A. Weber: Euryale europaea nov. sp. foss." Berichte Der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 150–157.
  5. [5]
    Goren-Inbar, N., Melamed, Y., Zohar, I., Akhilesh, K., & Pappu, S. (2014). "Beneath still waters–multistage aquatic exploitation of Euryale ferox (Salisb.) during the Acheulian." Internet Archaeol, 37(10.11141).
  6. [6]
    Tanai, T. (1961). "Neogene floral change of Japan." Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 4, 11, 119-398.
  7. [7]
    Euryale limburgensis C. & E. In. Reid. [family NYMPHAEACEAE]. (n.d.). JSTOR. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000659202
  8. [8]
    Euryale in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112398
  9. [9]
    Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse." pp.45-46. Deutschland: Henkel.
  10. [10]
    Euryale ferox in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200007078
  11. [11]
    Wu, P., Zhang, L., Zhang, K., Yin, Y., Liu, A., Zhu, Y., ... & Li, L. (2022). "The adaptive evolution of Euryale ferox to the aquatic environment through paleo‐hexaploidization." The Plant Journal, 110(3), 627-645.
  12. [12]
    Zhuang, X. 2011. Euryale ferox. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168756A6535154. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168756A6535154.en. Accessed on 27 January 2024.
  13. [13]
    Živković, M., Pejčić, L., Paskaš, N., Bajić, A., Šipoš, Š., Perić, R., & Novakovic, B. (02 2023). "First recent record of Prickly Waterlily (Euryale ferox) Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) in freshwaters of Europe."
  14. [14]
    Villaret-von Rochow, M. (1958). Stacheln von Euryale sp. im norddeutschen Pleistozän : ein neues Interglazialfossil. Veröffentlichungen Des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich, 34. https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-308097
  15. [15]
    Kirchheimer, F. (1956). "Die Laubgewächse der Braunkohlenzeit." pp. 619-622.
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