Graphite-Epoxy_Motor

Graphite-Epoxy Motor

Graphite-Epoxy Motor

American solid rocket booster

The Graphite-Epoxy Motor (GEM) is a family of solid rocket boosters developed in the late 1980s and used since 1990. GEM motors are manufactured with carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer casings and a fuel consisting of HTPB-bound ammonium perchlorate composite propellant. GEM is produced by Northrop Grumman Space Systems.[1] GEM boosters are used on the Atlas V and were previously used on the Delta II, Delta III, and Delta IV launch vehicles. A new variant, the GEM 63XL, flew as part of the Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle on 8 January 2024.[2][3][4]

Quick Facts Manufacturer, Country of origin ...

Variants

Active

GEM 63

The GEM 63 was developed by Orbital ATK as a low-cost drop-in replacement for the Aerojet Rocketdyne AJ-60A solid rocket booster used on the Atlas V. Its overall dimensions are very similar to that of the motor it replaces. The Atlas V first flew with the GEM 63 in 2020 on the NROL-101 launch.[5] The booster offers higher performance at about half the cost of the AJ-60A boosters formerly used on the Atlas V.[6]

GEM 63XL

The GEM 63XL, developed by Northrop Grumman, is an extended version of the GEM 63, about 73 inches (190 cm) longer than its predecessor.[7] First fired in 2020, it is used on the Vulcan launch vehicle beginning with the first launch on January 8, 2024.[4][8][9] Up to 6 of the boosters will be mounted on a single Vulcan core, depending on customer needs.[10] A variant equipped with a thrust-vectoring nozzle, the GEM 63XLT, was under development for the cancelled OmegA launch vehicle.[11] It is currently used on Vulcan Centaur rocket.[2]

Retired

GEM 40

A GEM 40 is hoisted for attachment to a Delta II

The GEM 40 was a 40.4-inch-diameter (1,030 mm) solid rocket motor developed for the 7000-series Delta II launch vehicle beginning in 1987 by Hercules.[12] Its first flight took place in 1990 on the USA-66 mission,[13] when 9 boosters were used on a Delta II 7925 launcher. The use of composite materials allowed for casings lighter than the steel casings of the Castor 4 SRMs they replaced. The reduction in weight was used to extend the GEM 40 by 5.9 feet (1.8 m) compared to the Castor 4 used on 6000-series Delta II.[12][14] Delta II vehicles could be configured with three, four, or nine GEM 40 boosters. When using three or four boosters, all GEM 40s were ignited on the ground. On nine-booster Delta II, six were ignited on the ground; the remaining three were ignited in flight after burnout of the first six.[15] A variant with a thrust-vectoring nozzle, the GEM 40VN, was developed for the Ground-based Midcourse Defence anti-ballistic missile program.[1]

Failures

On 5 August 1995, an air-lit GEM 40 failed to separate from a Delta II 7925 carrying Koreasat 1. The excess mass of the booster resulted in the satellite reaching a lower orbit than intended. The satellite was able to correct for the error using on-board propellant.[16]

On 17 January 1997, a Delta II (Delta 241) exploded due to a catastrophic failure in a GEM 40. The failure triggered the launch vehicle's self-destruct function 13 seconds after ignition. An Air Force investigation determined that the motor's casing had been damaged prior to launch, causing the case to split open soon after ignition.[16]

GEM 46

The GEM 46 was a 45.1-inch-diameter (1,150 mm) solid rocket motor originally developed for Delta III by Alliant Techsystems. This solid motor variant included thrust vector control (TVC) to help steer the vehicle. After the discontinuation of the Delta III, GEM 46 motors (without TVC)[15] were used on the Delta II to create the Delta II Heavy, which could only be launched from a modified pad at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-17B.[17] Both Delta III and Delta II Heavy used nine GEM 46s, with six ignited on the ground and three air-lit.[18]

Failures

On 27 August 1998, the GEM 46 boosters on the first Delta III, carrying the Galaxy 10 satellite, depleted their hydraulic fluid used to control the thrust-vectoring nozzle. This was due to guidance issues with the rest of the rocket, which forced the solid rocket motors to make rapid adjustments to compensate, using up the supply of hydraulic fluid before burnout. The nozzles were then stuck in a position that turned the rocket over, triggering the vehicle's self-destruct function 70 seconds after ignition.[19][20]

A GEM 60 being prepared for integration onto a Delta IV

GEM 60

The GEM 60 was a 60-inch-diameter (1,500 mm) solid motor used on the Delta IV family of launch vehicles, used with and without thrust vector control.[15] Developed for the EELV program, its first flight was on 20 November 2002, boosting the first launch of the Delta IV.[21] Delta IV Medium+ launchers were built with either two or four GEM 60.[22] The added performance from the solid rocket motors allowed variants of the Delta IV Medium+ to accommodate a larger second stage. The motor was retired in 2019 after the final Delta IV Medium launch.[23] Throughout its lifetime, 64 GEM 60 boosters were flown; there were no failures.[23]

Version comparison

More information Name, Application ...
  • A GEM 46 motor prior to mating to a Delta II 7925H
  • Technicians prepare a GEM 46 booster
  • GEM 40 booster is towed to the integration facility
  • A Delta IV M+ (4,2) lifts off with 2 GEM 60 boosters
  • A Delta II 7920H ignites 9 GEM 46 boosters
  • An Atlas V 541 lifts off with 4 GEM 63 boosters

See also

References

  1. [1]
    "Northrop Grumman GEM Capabilities". Northrop Grumman. Archived from the original on 2019-02-03.
  2. [2]
    Belam, Martin (2024-01-08). "Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
  3. [3]
    "ULA Sets Path Forward for Inaugural Vulcan Flight Test". www.ulalaunch.com. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
  4. [4]
    Foust, Jeff (2023-07-13). "Centaur modifications push first Vulcan launch to fourth quarter". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  5. [5]
    "NROL-101". www.nro.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  6. [6]
    Tory Bruno [@torybruno] (April 4, 2018). "Higher performance. Approaching half the cost" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  7. [7]
    "GEM 63 Updates". Northrop Grumman. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  8. [8]
    "ULA Vulcan Rocket Debut Slips To 2022". Aviation Week. 2022-06-22. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  9. [9]
    Clark, Stephen (2015-09-22). "Orbital ATK beats out Aerojet". Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  10. [10]
    "Vulcan". www.ulalaunch.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  11. [11]
    Northrop Grumman [@northropgrumman] (November 21, 2019). "We've started winding our first GEM 63XLT!" (Tweet). Retrieved 2022-05-09 – via Twitter.
  12. [12]
    Vlahakis, Nick; Va, Darryl (1989), "Graphite epoxy motors (GEM) for the Delta II launch vehicle", 25th Joint Propulsion Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, doi:10.2514/6.1989-2313, retrieved 2022-05-07
  13. [13]
    McDowell, Jonathan (2022-05-07). "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  14. [14]
    "Launch Vehicle: Solid Rocket Motors". JPL. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  15. [15]
    "ATK Product Catalog" (PDF). ATK. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  16. [16]
    Kyle, Ed (2012-12-02). "Delta 2 Productive Years". Space Launch Report. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  17. [17]
    Graham, William (2014-07-02). "ULA Delta II successfully lofts OCO-2 to orbit". NASASpaceflight.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
  18. [18]
    "Propulsion Products Catalog GEM MOTOR SERIES pdf" (PDF).
  19. [19]
    "Boeing Pinpoints Cause of Delta III Failure, Predicts Timely Return to Flight". MediaRoom. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  20. [20]
    Furniss, Tim (1998-09-01). "Boeing Delta III explodes on maiden flight". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  21. [21]
    Ray, Justin (2002-11-20). "Spaceflight Now | Delta Launch Report | Boeing's Delta 4 rocket debuts successfully". spaceflightnow.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  22. [22]
    "Delta IV Medium+ (4,2)". Spaceflight 101. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  23. [23]
    Siegel, Jim (2019-08-25). "Delta IV Medium ends 17-Year run with 100% success". SpaceFlight Insider. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  24. [24]
    "GEM 63/GEM 63XL Fact Sheet" (PDF). Northrop Grumman. 5 April 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  25. [25]
    "Developing Vulcan Centaur" (PDF). 8 April 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
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