In mathematics, the Griewank function is often used in testing of optimization. It is defined as follows:^[1]

${\displaystyle 1+{\frac {1}{4000}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{2}-\prod _{i=1}^{n}\cos \left({\frac {x_{i}}{\sqrt {i}}}\right)}$

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The following paragraphs display the special cases of first, second and third order Griewank function, and their plots.

${\displaystyle g:=1+(1/4000)\cdot x_{1}^{2}-\cos(x_{1})}$

The first order Griewank function has multiple maxima and minima.^[2]

Let the derivative of Griewank function be zero：

${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2000}}\cdot x_{1}+\sin(x_{1})=0}$

Find its roots in the interval [−100..100] by means of numerical method,

In the interval [−10000,10000], the Griewank function has 6365 critical points.

${\displaystyle 1+{\frac {1}{4000}}x_{1}^{2}+{\frac {1}{4000}}x_{2}^{2}-\cos(x_{1})\cos \left({\frac {1}{2}}x_{2}{\sqrt {2}}\right)}$

${\displaystyle \left\{1+{\frac {1}{4000}}\,x_{1}^{2}+{\frac {1}{4000}}\,x_{2}^{2}+{\frac {1}{4000}}\,{x_{3}}^{2}-\cos(x_{1})\cos \left({\frac {1}{2}}x_{2}{\sqrt {2}}\right)\cos \left({\frac {1}{3}}x_{3}{\sqrt {3}}\right)\right\}}$