The onset of the American Revolution

Atherton was victimized for his loyalist sympathies, however minor. He had been known for hosting a prominent Loyalists and often found an angry mob at his doorstep. His memoirs reveal that he did not initially believe the patriotic cause could ever succeed. He had established strong friendships with British officials. As a law man, he was sympathetic to the Tory cause, and maintaining a status quo. He witnessed what he perceived to be treasonous acts and chose not to participate in patriotic plans for fear of a breakdown in the rule of law. It was a time when those, like Atherton, with some loyalist sympathies had to decide whether to stay or leave the town. Many of his peers had to make hard choices. He likely chose to stay for economic reasons. In doing so his daily life was subject to scrutiny, and often he expressed safety concerns with his peers. Both he and his family were subject to risk of attack and torment by mobs on a frequent basis. He was disarmed, his beloved rifle confiscated, and on a number of occasions he was detained by the committee of safety due to his opposing views. Crowds often congregated outside his home, taunting him to leave the town, often gaining entry.^[14][15] However Atherton believed order would prevail. He was active politically during his adult life. At times out of tune with many of his neighbors, since he was resistant to change, and controversial enough for arsonists to torch his barns and burn his effigy in the town.^[16][9]

New Hampshire was one of the thirteen colonies that rebelled against British rule during the American Revolution. Atherton at first joined the opponents to British rule, but refused to join the local Sons of Liberty,^[9] a secret revolutionary organization created to advance the rights of the colonists and fight taxation by the British government. Atherton then tried to remain neutral during the Revolution, believing the colonists could not win a war with England.^[17] The community was offended by his stance and had him arrested in 1777, jailing him in nearby Exeter, New Hampshire.^{[9][lower-alpha 1]} As a result, he was fired from his position as register of probate and justice of the peace, and he resumed farming.^[9]

After taking an oath of allegiance to the new state of New Hampshire in 1779, Atherton started practicing law again. In 1782, he became the leader of the Amherst committee to help draft a state constitution. The next year, as a member of the New Hampshire state constitutional convention, he helped revise state laws, advocated for a bill of rights for citizens, and fought to settle former Loyalist land claims.^[9] He was a state senator in 1793.^[19]

Major speech at convention

In 1787 he was elected as a delegate to the convention in New Hampshire to ratify the federal constitution. He worked hard to defeat its ratification unless certain amendments were adopted. Atherton claimed it was poorly written; he insisted on a bill of rights^[20] to protect private beliefs and actions, and also defended the rights of town and state government against a too strong centralized government.^[9][18]

In February 1788, Atherton delivered a major speech in opposition to Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1, of the proposed constitution.^[21] The focal point of his speech was about the evils of slavery. Atherton asserted that the southern states had made him a "partaker in the sin and guilt of this abominable" traffic in the buying and selling of slaves, and that the "clause has not secured its abolition". He argued that "we will not lend the aid of our ratification to this cruel and inhumane merchandise, not even for a day".^[9] Atherton continued on with a vivid description of the conditions of slavery, proclaiming:

Parents are taken, and children left; or possibly they may be so fortunate as to have a whole family taken and carried off together by these relentless robbers. What must be their feelings in the hands of their new and arbitrary masters? Dragged at once from every thing they held dear to them—stripped of every comfort of life, like beasts of prey—they are hurried on a loathsome and distressing voyage to the coast of Africa, or some other quarter of the globe, where the greatest price may await them; and here, if any thing can be added to their miseries, comes on the heart-breaking scene! A parent is sold to one, a son to another, and a daughter to a third! Brother is cleft from brother, sister from sister, and parents from their darling offspring! Broken with every distress that human nature can feel, and bedewed with tears of anguish, they are dragged into the last stage of depression and slavery, never, never to behold the faces of one another again!^[22]

He voted against its adoption, on instructions from the town.^[23] The state finally ratified the constitution on June 21, 1788,^[9][18] with 57–47 in favor. John Langton immediately wrote to George Washington to inform him that New Hampshire had become the ninth state which he described as the “Key Stone in the Great Arch. Atherton, who campaigned against ratification gracefully accepted the result and stated 'It’s adopted. Let’s try it'”.^[24]

As a staunch anti-federalist he wrote to John Lamb on June 23, 1788.^[25]

He was a candidate for New Hampshire in the 1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, and the 1789 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election, the first special election in the history of the United States House of Representatives.

Atherton was also a candidate in the 1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections.

Public office

In 1791, Atherton was once again elected as justice of the peace, and was a member of the convention in Concord that drafted the new state constitution, revising the previous one of 1783. From 1792 to 1793, he was a member of the state senate, and after his resignation in 1793 from the senate, he was elected state attorney general that same year.^[9]

In 1798, he was elected commissioner of Hillsborough County. In 1803 he retired because of a heart ailment.