Junichiro Itani (伊谷 純一郎, Itani Jun'ichirō, May 9, 1926 – August 19, 2001) was a Japanese anthropologist who served as a professor emeritus at Kyoto University and as president of the Primate Society of Japan. He is considered a founder of the discipline of Japanese primatology.

Junichiro Itani was born at Tottori. His father, Kenzo Itani, was a Yōga painter.

He entered Kyoto University, Faculty of Science. He majored ethology under Kinji Imanishi. He received BS in March 1951, and became a researcher at Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi. He observed the society of Japanese macaque at Takasakiyama Natural Zoological Garden.^[1] In 1962, he submitted his doctoral dissertation titled "Communication of wild Japanese macaque"(野生ニホンザルのコミュニケーションに関する研究).^[2]

He became an assistant professor at Kyoto University, Faculty of Science in October 1962, and was promoted to professor in 1981. He founded the Primate Research Institute and the Center for African Area Studies at that university in 1986, and he served as the first chief of the latter center until his retirement.^[3] He retired from Kyoto University in 1990, and became a professor at Kobe Gakuin University (until 1998).

He died at age 75 of pneumonia.

As with most Japanese primatologists, his early research was on Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), but most of his career focused on African primates, especially chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). He started research in Africa in 1958. The majority of his work was based around the social structures of primate society.^[4]

• Asahi Prize (1968)
• The Huxley Award in Anthropology(Royal Anthropological Institute,London. (1984)
• Medals of Honor (Japan)(Medal with Purple Ribbon) (1992)
• Order of the Sacred Treasure

• Japanese Monkeys in Takasakiyama (1954)
• Hominid culture in primate perspective / Duane Quiatt and Junichiro Itani, editors (1994)
• A Comparative study of ecological anthropology in tropical Africa
• Great Ape Societies by William C McGrew; Linda F Marchant; Toshisada Nishida; Jane Goodall and Junichiro Itani

• Father: Kenzo Itani(伊谷賢蔵) was a Yōga painter. He studied at Higher Technical School, Kyoto. He learned Yōga under Jutaro Kuroda. He lived as a painter and taught painting at Kyoto University of Education.
• Son: Genichi Itani (伊谷原一) is an anthropologist (primatology). He worked at Primate Research Institute
• Son: Juichi Itani (伊谷樹一) is an agriculturist.