Masculine nouns

Comments about the singular:

• Masculine nouns that end in a voiced consonant show regular vowel alternations of: ô:a, ó:o, é:e, ą:ã, i/u:ë. Mobile e (e:∅) also appears in some stems.^[6]
• Like in Polish, there is irregularity with genitive singular -u/-a, where animal/personal nouns always get -a, but inanimate nouns may get both. In northern dialects, -u may be replaced with -ë.^[6][7]
• Dative singular shows two endings, -ewi (for soft nouns)/-owi (for hard nouns) and -u. It has been suggested (BY LORENTZ gram 872) that personal/animal nouns have a preference for -ewi/-owi. Rarely an ending -owiu has been used by combining both endings (compare Masurian -oziu). An ending -ë (from a short /u/) exists in North-East Kashubia. Finally, the adjectival ending -omù (hard)/-emù (soft) is also used in the North-East.^[6][8]
• The instrumental singular ending -ã is used in the North-West for stylistic reasons or for rhymes.^[9]
• The locative singular ending -(i)e is for hard stems and -(i)u is for soft stems or nouns whose stems end with -k/-g/-ch, as well as -s/-z. An ending -ë (from a short /u/) exists in North-East Kashubia.^[9]
• Masculine nouns ending in -a decline femininely in the singular and masculinely in the plural.^[7]

Comments about the plural:

• The nominative plural has multiple endings, including -owie, -ë, -e, -i.^[9][8]
• The dative plural ending -ama may occasionally be seen.
• The instrumental plural endings -mi (without -a-') and -i are rare.^[9]
• The locative plural ending -ech can be seen in some names of countries, but is falling out of use and being replaced by -ach.^[10]

Feminine nouns

Comments:

• Northern Kashubian dialects sometimes have -i in the locative singular for nouns ending in -ła, so szkòli instead of szkòle.^[10]

Comments:

• Northern dialects sometimes show syncretism in the accusative singular with the nominative singular, so rolô alongside rolã.^[12]
• The -∅ ending in the genitive plural is largely replaced with -ów except in common words.

Neuter nouns

Comments:

• Nouns ending in -é (chiefly gerunds) take adjectival endings in northern and central dialects.^[15]
• Nouns ending in -ã with -n- stems occasionally have a hard -n- in the singular.^[15]
• A few neuter nouns show ∅ in the genitive plural, and if the given noun's stem ends with a voiced consonant, regular vowel alternation can be observed, e.g. niebò -> niéb. In some cases a mobile e is also inserted.^[16]

Class I

Class II

Class III

Class IV

bëc

Non-Present forms

The second person singular imperative is formed by using the bare verb stem (-∅), -ij(-ëj)/-i(-ë), or -ôj. The second person plural imperative is formed the same way and -ta is added. The first person plural imperative (the so-called hortative is formed the same way and -më is added.^[33][34]

When perfective verbs are inclined according to present endings, a future tense is formed.^[35] Imperfective verbs form the future using a future form of bëc and a past form or the infinitive.^[35][36]

The past tense is formed in 3 different ways:

Archaically with a present tense form of bëc and a past form.^[37][38]

The most common, modern way is to take a past tense form with a pronoun or noun. Regionally a combined form of że is added.^[37][39]

A type of past perfect can be formed using a present tense form of miec and the past participle of the verb.^[37][40]

Forms ending -ała can be shortened to -a.^[41]

An obsolete pluperfect can formed using the appropriate past form of bëc, followed by the past form of the verb, or by using a past form of bëc or miec plus the passive participle.^[42][43]

The subjunctive mood can be formed using bë and the past tense of the verb.^[42][44]

The passive voice is formed with bëc and the passive participle.^[42][44]

The infinitive ending is -c.^[42]

The active adverbial participle formed with -ąc (more common -ącë) is uncommon in spoken Kashubian, appearing more in literature.^[45][46]

The active adjectival participle is formed with -ący.^[45][47]

The passive adjectival participle is formed with -ty, -ny, or -ony, and to some extent -łi.^[45][48]

The anterior adverbial pariticple is formed with -łszë or -wszë from perfective verbs.^[46]