Kaure–Kosare_languages
Kaure–Kosare languages
Language family
The Kaure–Kosare or Nawa River languages are a small family spoken along the Nawa River in West Papua, near the northern border with Papua New Guinea.[1] The languages are Kaure and Kosare.
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| Kaure–Kosare | |
|---|---|
| Nawa River | |
| Geographic distribution | Nawa River, New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | a primary language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | kaur1274 |
 Map: The Kaure–Kapori languages of New Guinea
The Kaure–Kapori languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
Kaure and Kosare (Kosadle) are clearly related. There is a history of classifying them with the Kapori–Sause languages. However, Kapori and Sause show no particular connection to the Kaure languages, and may be closer to Kwerba.[1]
Foley (2018) considers a connection with Trans-New Guinea to be promising, but tentatively leaves Kaure-Kosare out as an independent language family pending further evidence.[2]
Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[1]
*m *n *p *t *k *b *g *s *h *w *ɽ [*j]
Coda consonants are stop *C (or more precisely *P) and nasal *N.
*i *u *e *o *ɛ *ɔ *æ *a
Diphthongs are *ɛi, *ɛu, *ai *au.
Pronouns
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[1]
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *no (?), *na- | *wɛN |
| 2 | *ha-(nɛ) | ? |
| 3 | ? | ? |
Basic vocabulary
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]
| gloss | Proto-Nawa River |
|---|---|
| hair | *haⁱ |
| ear | *hwɔkɽuC |
| eye | *hwe̝N |
| tusk/tooth | *pakaⁱ |
| skin/bark | *ki |
| breast | *muN |
| louse | *miN |
| dog | *se̝ |
| pig | *pî |
| bird | *ho̝C |
| tree | *tɛⁱC |
| woman | *naⁱ |
| sun | *h[æ/a]niC |
| moon | *paka |
| water | *mi[jɛ] |
| fire | *sa(-[n/ɽ]ɛN) |
| eat | *naⁱ |
The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975)[3][4] and other sources, as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[5]
| gloss | Kaure[6] | Kosare[7] | Narau |
|---|---|---|---|
| head | kasera; pleŋ; pɔklai | potɔ´ | |
| hair | hai; hat | potɔi | fukura hai |
| ear | goklu; huaglüt | 'kɔro | |
| eye | gewe; hwai; hwew | ĩsɛrit | |
| nose | gopo; hapu | moro 'kakò | |
| tooth | sbeje; səbokai | pɛki | sebekai |
| tongue | sremu; sɾumu | pɛrɛ´ | |
| leg | due; duɛ | nue | |
| louse | mi; mĩ | mi | |
| dog | se | sé | |
| pig | pi | pi | kandu |
| bird | hou; hu; ku | o | |
| egg | hore; te; wale | ho's̪ɛri | |
| blood | hi; katesa; katsa | ña | |
| bone | era; laq; loa | 'kákò | |
| skin | aguli; arohei; axlit | ||
| breast | mu; muq | kó kakò | |
| tree | te; tei; teija | tĩⁿdi | bimesini |
| man | debla; dido | nepra | |
| woman | dae | ḑɩmɔ'kasia | |
| sky | lɛbü | nubɷ | |
| sun | hafei; haɾi; harei | ɛnɛ´ⸯ | kaberja |
| moon | gaka; poka | paka | |
| water | bi; biq; gomesi | biɛ | bi |
| fire | sa; saʔ; sareŋ | sá | sare |
| stone | təsi; tɛsi; tisi | 'naka | |
| road, path | selu | kɛmɔrɔ´ | |
| name | bəre; blɛ; nokomne | morɔ | |
| eat | ganasi; kadi; kandɛ | kɛnɛ´ | kanaisini |
| one | gogotia; kauxjaʔ; kaxotia | kora'ɸɛ | |
| two | tɾapli; təravərei; trapi | tau |
- Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. doi:10.15144/PL-A28.47
- Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
- Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Clouse, D.A. 1997. Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya. In Franklin, K. (ed). Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra.
- Heeschen, V. 1978. The Mek languages of Irian Jaya with special reference to the Eipo language. Irian, 2: 3-67.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- Kaure languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Nawa River