Foundation and break with the Syriac Union Party

The Khabour Guards were originally set up by locals of the Khabur valley around late 2012 and early 2013. The group was supposed to act as pure self-defense force for the region's Assyrian villages, stay completely neutral in the Syrian civil war, and be independent of all parties and warring factions, regardless of their political or religious orientations. Although the militia initially managed to attract hundreds of recruits, the Khabour Guards soon started to decline in military strength due to many locals migrating and the refusal of most Assyrian groups, such as the Assyrian Democratic Organization, to supply them with arms. In consequence, the Khabour Guards gave up their attempts to stay neutral^[4] and joined Sutoro, a security force formed by the Syriac Union Party.^[1] The latter started to supply the Khabour Guards through its armed wing, the Syriac Military Council (MFS). The Khabour Guards and the MFS consequently grew close, with some guards even wearing MFS insignia on their uniforms.^[6]

The Khabour Guards were initially overrun by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during a major offensive in early 2015. Nevertheless, they managed to slow the advance of ISIL with support from the MFS and mostly Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG),^[7] though subsequent events led to the guards distancing themselves from both. On the evening of 21 April 2015, two leading Khabour Guard commanders, David Gindo and Elias Nasser, were abducted, blindfolded, shot and left for dead in an area close to the village of Jumayla. Elias Nasser managed to survive the assassination attempt and crawled to a main road where a passerby picked him up and took him to a hospital in Qamishli.^[2][4] It was initially believed that ISIL was behind the attempt to murder both of the Assyrian leaders, but Elias Nasser later revealed the assailants were members of the YPG.^[4][8] Four YPG fighters were subsequently arrested for their involvement in assassinating David Gindo and the assassination attempt on Elias Nasser, with two of the accused receiving a 20-year sentence while the other two received a four and one year sentence respectively.^[9][10]

Nevertheless, the relationship of the Khabour Guards with both YPG and the MFS worsened, and they broke ties with the Syriac Union Party over the incident.^[1] Thereafter, the militia's situation became difficult, allegedly due to pressure by the YPG to fully join the MFS. In response, the Khabour Guards' leadership announced in June 2015 that the group had decided to "lay down our weapons in the fight against ISIS".^[11] The guards then split, with many members staying close to the MFS and continuing to fight against ISIL with the YPG,^[6] while the rest of the militia aligned itself with the Assyrian Democratic Party, a rival of the Syriac Union Party.^[1]

Operations from 2015

Meanwhile, ISIL forces were driven from the Khabur valley in course of the Western al-Hasakah offensive in May 2015. Following the reconquest, however, the various Christian militias including the Khabour Guards, looted local villages under the guise of searching for ISIL holdouts.^[6] In the following years, the militia mostly stayed neutral, though some Khabour Guards fought with the YPG in the Manbij offensive.^[1] On 25 February 2017, the Assyrian Democratic Party agreed to join the Syrian Democratic Council, while the YPG handed over security in the Assyrian towns along the Khabur River to the Khabour Guards and Nattoreh. The two groups consequently joined the Syrian Democratic Forces.^[12] On 20 September 2018, the Assyrian Democratic Party announced the formation of the "General Command of the Assyrian Forces" which was supposed to serve as umbrella organization for its affiliated paramilitaries including the Khabour Guards. The latter left the "Assyrian Forces" three months later, however, resulting in accusations that the SDF had influenced the Khabour Guards.^[13]

In late 2019, the Khabour Guards fought alongside other SDF groups against the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, as Turkey and allied militias targeted the Khabur valley. In this context, the Khabour Guards' spokesman Nabil Warde declared that the Turks were "our long-time enemies", referencing the late Ottoman genocides of Christians in 1915–1918.^[14]