1980-

In 1980, a minor incident involving live fire between patrol boats led Thailand to close its border with Laos. More significant border disputes and military clashes followed in 1984 and 1987 in Sainyabuli Province. These conflicts originated in rival claims to forest resources based on maps from the early days of the French protectorate.^[2]

In 1988, Thai prime minister Chatichai Choonhavan opened the Indochina market, leading to a wave of goodwill gestures and business ventures between Laos and Thailand. Kaysone Phomvihan paid an official visit to Bangkok in 1989, his first since the brief 1979 rapprochement with Prime Minister General Kriangsak Chomanand. These gestures were followed by official visits from Princess Sirindhorn in March 1990 and Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn in June 1992. As another gesture of goodwill in 1992 the Politburo^{[clarification needed]} removed from power military commander Army Chief of Staff General Sisavath Keobounphanh. While Keobounphanh had dealt closely and effectively with the Thai military command in restoring neighborly relations, his party colleagues accused him of personal corruption. This corruption of a senior party leader symbolized the fear among some Laotian leaders that the more prosperous Thais, "want to eat us".^[2]

Two political issues between Laos and Thailand delayed rapprochement during the 1980s. One was an influx of Laotian migrants and refugees, whom Thailand saw as undesirable minority groups and refused to accept as immigrants. A related issue stemmed from the presence of Laotian and Hmong resistance groups using migrant camps as bases. The Hmong constituted approximately half of those living in the camps and tended to face lower chances of deportation, in part due to fear of reprisal and hope for national autonomy. Thailand officially announced its stance in July 1992. However, Laotian refugees who had not returned home or found third-country resettlement by 1995 would be classified as illegal immigrants and face deportation.^[2]

Lao and Hmong resistance movements have persisted since 1975, but with the end of the Cold War, attempts to disrupt the LPDR and its Vietnamese military partners dwindled. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs continued to press the Thai military command to live up to its March 1991 agreement to disarm rebels and discourage Laotian sabotage operations. At the same time, Thailand made very clear its unwillingness to assimilate the Hmong refugees.^[2]

The threat of a return of Vietnamese troops cautioned the Thai military, who preferred keeping Laos as a buffer state rather than a military line of contact with the Vietnamese. The Friendship Bridge could open the interior to more foreign trucking and commerce and make any foreign military presence in Laos more apparent.^[2]

In December 2009, Thai soldiers evicted more than 4,000 Hmong asylum seekers from a holding center and deported them to Laos.^[3] This action was criticized by Human Rights Watch and the US State Department.^[4]

Despite their shared cuisine, language and border, scholars have noted that anti-communist ideology after the 1950s encouraged the idea of "Thainess", and a persistent belief in Thai superiority, leading "the population of central and southern Thailand [to] look to their northern borders with contempt".^[1] Thamrongsak Petchlertanan, a historian at Rangsit University, claimed that the notion of Thai superiority is rooted in decades of nationalist education in Thai schools. The destruction of Vientiane by the Siamese army in 1778, for instance, is part of this narrative and has been proudly recounted to generations of Thai children.^[1]

Anti-Thai sentiment in Laos

Relations between Laos and Thailand have been characterized by tension. Since ancient times, Laos opposed Siamese territorial expansion. Laotian surrogate rulers requested French colonial authorities of French Indochina to ask France to reclaim lost Lao territory on the Khorat Plateau and to reclaim the Emerald Buddha from Siam.^[5] After achieving independence under a Communist rule, the present Laotian government has been pro-Vietnam. Thailand's influence is suspect in the views of the pro-socialist Laotian community. ^[6]